Carboniferous Olaciation^ Etc. — White. 309 
stones and conglomerates, said by Clarke to be from 800 to 
1,000 feet thick, and known as the Hawksbury beds. Here, 
again, we have evidence of glacial action, though not so ex- 
tensive, nor indicative of the violent changes of the period in 
which the Muree terranes Avere formed. These were first 
published by Wilkinson,' in 1879, who described" angular boul- 
ders of shale of all sizes up to twenty feet in diameter, em- 
bedded in the sandstone in a most confused manner, some of 
them standing on end as regards their stratification and others 
inclined at all angles." These nearly always occurred above 
shales, and were mixed with rounded pebbles of quartz. He 
says, " they are sometimes slightly curved as though they had 
been bent whilst in a semi-plastic condition, and the shale 
beds occasionally terminate abruptly as though broken off.'' 
It was the fact of the occurrence of boulder beds in the 
Hawksbury terrane that first made Feistmantel correlate 
these^'ith the Talchirs of India, a conclusion which he has 
long since abandoned.'T he evidence of glaciation in the 
Hawksbury formation has since been supported by the testi- 
mony of Haast, and more recently by David. ^ 
The Hawksbury terrane was somewhat denuded, according 
to Clarke, before the Wianamatta terrane, next overlying, was 
deposited. The latter consists of soft shales and fine sand- 
stones. The Hawksburys have furnished two fishes and four 
plants, one of which, Thinnfeldia odontopteroides Feist., is 
also found in the Panchets of India. One of the fiphes is a Per- 
mian species, the other mesozoic ; and on the whole the plants 
present what is commonly considered as a Jurassic phase, 
though Feistmantel now regards them as Triassic. A still 
higher series of beds has been found at several points, and 
this has taken its name from the Clarence river where it was 
described by Wilkinson. Two species of plants, I'ceniopteris 
Daintreel McCoy, and Alethopteris australis McCoy, have 
been identified by Feistmantel as coming from this series. 
The following scheme will serve to illustrate the order of 
the beds and the general evidence of the organic remains, con- 
sidered according to the European standard : 
Clarence river Jurassic Fauna — Jurassic Flora. 
Wianamatta, 700 ft. — Permian-Trias " — " " 
•Trans Rov. Soc. N. S. \V., xni, ISSO, p. 106; and ibid., 1884, p. 105, 
2 Records Geol. Surv. India, xiii, 1880, pp. 251, 252. 
Pahie onrologia Indica, Spr. xii, ni pt. 3, 1881, p. LSI. 
^ Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, London, xlhi, 1887, pp. 190-195. 
