Carhoniferous Glaciation, Etc. — White. 313 
While many new data, of such a nature as to decide certain 
points as to age, have since been obtained and worked out by 
the same author, Waagen, Feistmantel, Oldham, Dunn, and 
others, the paleontological facts remain none the less notable 
or significant. 
Each of these great terranes of India, Africa, and Australia, 
contains coal seams with floras which are mostly identical 
among themselves, embracing many peculiar and more, or less 
problematic types, and which, when they are brought before 
the tribunal for comparison with the fossil floras of Europe, 
find their nearest European allies in the mesozoic, and for the 
most part in the Jurassic. Likewise they all contain in their 
lower members faunas which are distinctly characteristic of 
the Carboniferous period, and are largely identical with those 
of that age in Europe and America. In Australia and Africa 
the glacial formations rest, in part at least, on lower Carbon- 
iferous terranes, and in the latter continent we have marine 
fossiliferous formations intercalated with plant beds. Typi- 
cally Carboniferous species of OrtJiOceras., Spirifer, Conularia 
and Fenestella^ are found both above and below the Stony Creek 
beds which contain four species of Olossopteris. and one each 
of Nmggerathiopsis., Annularia, and Phyllotheca. These, 
with the exception of the Annularia, are all found again in the 
Newcastle beds above, while their genera are included in the 
flora of the Damuda series of India. Though in Australia and 
Africa the proofs of paleozoic age are most apparent and con- 
clusive, the correlation of the glacial horizons could not be 
secured beyond all controversy while the age of the glacial 
formations of India was supposed -to belong to the early 
mesozoic. 
The history of the correlation of the terranes of the Gond- 
wana system of India is noted for an incessant struggle be- 
tween the most of the supporters of the paleobotanical evi- 
dence on the one hand and the students of the animal remains 
on the other. As representing the adherents among paleobo- 
tanists to the mesozoic side of the question I shall mention 
only Dr. Ottokar Feistmantel, who spent eight years in India, 
and whose masterly work on the Gondwana flora comprises, 
besides numerous minor publications, four large volumes of 
the " Palseontologia Indica." While holding with unflinching 
tenacity to the European paleobotanical standard, he has 
