326 Carboniferous Glaciation, Etc. — White. 
from the Rhetic of Scandinavia, Baden, and Portugal ; Podoz- 
amites aff. ensis Nath., from Sweden ; P. sehenkii Heer, from 
the Jurassic of France and Sweden; Pterophyllnm? sp. 
ined. ; and a new species of Gardiopteris., a genus hitherto 
represented only in the sub-Carboniferous. The only animal 
remains were those of Estheria manjalensis, a phyllopod 
described by Jones from Mangali in central India. 
Whether the glacial period of the Carboniferous epoch was 
brought about by ocean currents resulting from the contem- 
poraneous relations of the land masses, or by the high phase 
of the eccentricity of the earth's orbit in combination with 
winter in aphelion, or by changes of latitude, I shall not pre- 
sume to discuss. Each cause has good supporters, with 
strong arguments. It is sufficient to remark that the estab- 
lishment of Carboniferous glaciation in South America would 
relieve the followers of the theory of changes of latitude from 
putting one pole in the Indian ocean, while giving at the same 
time, stronger grounds for the astronomical hypothesis. In 
the meantime the problem involved in the occurrence of 
glacial cold within the tropics, together with the subsequent 
northward advance of the lower temperature, seems to find 
the best solution in a combination of both, the geographical 
and astronomical causes. 
Literature in whioli the Qlaciation of the Carboniferous in Africa, India 
and Australia is discussed. 
1^859 — Blanford, H. F. and W. T., and Win. Theobald. Geological 
Structure and Relations of the Talcheer Coal-Field in the District 
of Cuttack. Mem. Geol. Surv. India, i. pp. 33-88, 
1363 — Oldham, T. — Additional remarlis on the Geological Relations, and 
probable Geological Age of the Several Systems of rocks in Cen- 
trallndia and Bengal. Mem. Geol. Surv. India, iir. pp. 197-213. 
1866— Dawiiree, R. Report on the Geology of the District of Ballan, 
Melbourne, folio. 
1867— (SeZwyn, A. R. C. Notes on the Physical Geography, Geology 
and Mineralogy of Victoria. Melbourne 1866-1867. See p. 16. 
1870 — Sutherland. Notes on an Ancient Boulder-clay of Natal. 
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, xxvi. 1870. pp. 514-517. 
1871 — Griesbach, C. L. On the Geology of the Natal, in South Africa. 
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, xxvii. 1871. pp. 53-72. pi. i-iii. 
(illustr.) col. map and sections. 
— Stow, G. W. On Some Points in South African Geology. Parts 
II and III. On the Dicynodon or Karoo Formation — its Forest 
zones, as shown by sections in the Winterberg and the Storm- 
berg . . . , and its Denudation by Ice-action, with Remarks on the 
Climatal Changes in South Africa. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 
London, xxvii. pp. 523-548. Part iii. The Climatal Changes of 
