The Gfilcna mid MtniiiDlnta Serlen. — S'arrlfso)i. 33 
uppor part, which is an easily dipinte{;rat«d marl, one finds none. The 
few known fossils here appear to be secondary, and one would not })e 
able to say that this is not a part of the immediately superimposed De- 
vonian were the bed not traceable southward. ' 
The base of the bed is a quartz and lime sandstone of coarpe texture. 
Nearly the same strata are to be i-een two miles west of Granf^er. Minn., 
on the fctate boundary by the road, hut nowhere does a complete section 
of the bed come to view, and but few fopsils are found. Near Eldorado, 
a few miles west of Elf^in, Iowa, 7."} feet of clay with fine sand inter 
mixed* is seen in place between the Leptsena bed and the Niagara 
limestone. Near Brainerd there is an interlaminated fossil limestone 
and clay of varying thickness, from zero to six feet, which in part fills 
up depressions on the undulating surface of the sandy clay. One finds 
the same along the railway one mile west of Kidder, Iowa, and ftjssils 
from it are found at Graf, and are reported from near Shullsburg, Wis- 
consin. 
The clay and lime.stcjne top is exceedingly fossiliferous, but the spe- 
cies in it are not different apparently from the few poorly preserved ones 
from the main body of the bed. - I therefore regard it as one of the len 
ticular fopsil strata that may be found likewise deeper down in the bed 
like the one in this bed at Iron Ridge, Wisconsin. 
The Ortbis bed is much less sandy at Graf, Iowa, than at Eldorado, 
and perhaps not eo thick, but regarding the thickness there are no re- 
liable data t<^ be had except that there is room for very many more 
strata between the Galena and Niagara formations than have been 
supposed. The Maquoketa series is nearer 200 feet than 80 at Graf. 
In this bed are Orthin occiflentulis H. and the typical Lcptcrtiii 
unifostdta M. and W. with Rhyuchoni'lla (inticontiensis Bill. 
The top of this bed nearly always is variegated red, blue and yellow 
with iron. At Iron Ridge, W^isconsin, the "Clinton" iron ores rest 
upon it. 
The abov^e brief descriptions will, it is hoped, enable others 
to recognize the true relation of parts of the Galena and Mu- 
quoketa series. The descriptions are by far not complete, for 
but little attention could be given to analyses such as would 
be necessary for the determination of sedimentary and petro- 
logic characters, and very much remains to be added in the 
way of exact measurements of the strata, as well as in that 
of tabulating the faunas. The beds described could no doubt 
be traced through northeastern Wisconsin, upper Michigan, 
St. Joseph's island, etc., and probabl}' they may be recognized 
in part, at least, in Missouri, Kentucky and New York. What 
is lacking in this paper may be the subjects of others; what is 
*I am indebted to Mr. Grant F'inch, principal of the high school at 
West Union, Iowa, for knowledge of this good exposure and others in 
that district. 
