380 TIte American Geulorjisf. juue, 1897 
General Conclusions. 
The following conclusions can be drawn from the preceding 
observations: 
1. There existed, at the time of tlie deposition of the lower 
Utioa shale, a general and constant flow of water from the av- 
erage direction N. 78° E., in the region south of the Adiron- 
dacks, while this flow does not seem to have been present west 
of this ancient land area. 
The averages of the readings in the visited localities are: 
(Schenectady) (N. 13 degrees E.) (Hudson R.) 
Spraker's N. 80 degrees E. 
Canajoharie N. 80 degrees E. 
Osquago-Oxtungo creek N. 65 degrees E. 
Dolgeville N. 70 degrees E. 
Mohawk N. 72 degrees E. 
Deerfield S. 80 degrees E. 
Nine Mile creek N. 70 degrees E. 
Turin degrees. 
The total average of the readings (excepting those of Sche- 
nectady and Turin) is N. 78^ E.* 
That the flow came from N. 78^ E, and ran toward S. 78* 
W., can be inferred from the appearance of the mud-flow 
structure, the drift-ridges behind the fossils [Endoceras), the 
eastward pointing of the apices of the Endoceras shells, and 
often also of the sicular ends of the graptolites. From the 
common occurrence of drift lines of longitudinally arranged 
fossil fragments and of smaller shells of A'^^/ocerr^s. behind the 
apertures of larger shells of Endoceras, it becomes appar- 
ent that the apices of these shells would generally point 
towards the slowly flowing water. As now the apices of the 
shells of Endoceras mostly point eastward, the water must be 
supposed to have come from the east. In layers containing 
specimens of Endoceras and graptolites together, the sicular 
ends of the latter have been observed to point in the same di- 
rection as the apices of the Endoceras, hence the general east- 
ward pointing of these sicular ends in the layers without any 
shells of Endoceras, or mud-flow and drift-lines may also be 
regarded as indicating a flow from the east (or more exactly 
north of east). Gasteropods have been noticed with trans- 
*Compare the accompanying chart (plate xxii) which shows the av- 
erage directions of the flow at the different localities. 
