UPPER PALEOZOIC (dEVONIC). 229 
York section, and the terminal 2000 feet may represent the Cats- 
kill series of New York. (See Logan's Report upon the Gaspe 
section in "Geology of Canada," 1863, p. 390, etc.) The greater 
part of this section contains very few fossils, and these are mainly 
plant remains. In the continuation of the Gaspe sandstones on 
the Bay de Chaleur the lower and upper beds, as I am informed 
by Sir William Dawson, are not only distinguished by charac- 
teristic plants but also by a rich fish fauna resembling that of 
Scotland, and divisible into a lower zone with Cephalaspis, 
Coccosteus, etc., and an upper with Pterichthys. On tracing the 
outcrops westward across Maine and Northern New England, 
the coral-bearing limestones of the lower Devonian appear, in- 
dicating a changed condition of the seas on approaching the old 
Archean axis on the westward, but the outcrops, as well as the 
identity of the fossils, are too indefinite to give a clear idea of 
the relation of thip border region to the better known sections 
south of the Adirondacks and farther west in New York State. 
The Eastern Continental Area. 
The second area, the eastern continental, is represented typ- 
ically in New York State. From there it has been traced down- 
ward along the Appalachians as far as to West Virginia (the 
Tennessee section assuming a closer relation to the interior area), 
and northwestward in Ohio, Canada West and Michigan. On 
the western side of the Cincinnati axis the section is intermediate, 
but presents closer relations with those of the interior than with 
the typical New York section. 
In New York, there is a full series of temporary stages of 
deposition, each having its characteristic lithological composition 
and each holding its distinctive fauna. The lower Helderberg 
limestones were followed, in this area, by a deposit of coarse sand 
which is thicker and more prominent in the eastern and south- 
eastern part of the region, there attaining several hundred feet 
in thickness, but thins out toward the northwest, and fails alto- 
gether, both in the extreme southwestern and in the extreme north- 
western extension of the area. This is the Oriskany sandstone, 
marked by a few large and well-defined Brack iopods. The 
Oriskany stage is generally more or less calcareous, and runs up 
into calcareous shales and grits along the northeastern border of 
the area. These latter are the Cauda-galli and Schoharie grits of 
