QUATERNARY AND RECENT. SOI 
limestone, Vermetus limestone and coquina. The latter is found 
upon both the east and west coasts, with a great thickness at St. 
Augustine. Upon the land both the coquina and Tertiary ter- 
ranes are universally covered by sand, often nearly pure silica, 
and onehundred feet thick, nearly as farsouth as Lake Okeechobee. 
The tufas from springs are limited in extent. The coral-reef 
limestone lies entirely to the south of latitude 27°. 
In Georgia the upper member is a mixture of clay, sand and 
peaty matter, 12 feet thick, containing the bones of Megatherium 
and other terrestrial mammalia, and is underlaid by sand several 
feet thick containing living species of mollusca. 
In South Carolina, Tuoraey speaks of Post-Pliocene 60 feet 
thick, elevated eight feet above tide water, extending ten miles 
inland and abounding in marine shells of living species. Holmes 
describes the terrane as consisting of three parts, clays and sands, 
including much of the phosphate deposit, since so celebrated, and 
containing 150 species of shells, all but two recognized as living 
species. There were also many mammalia. 
Kerr's latest conclusions ascribe a thickness of 200 feet to the 
Quaternary of North Carolina. W. J. McGee is the latest 
writer upon the Atlantic coast Quaternary, and cites the views of 
"VV. D. Rogers and W. M. Fontaine for Virginia, P. T. Tyson 
for Maryland, J. C. Booth and F. D. Chester for Delaware, H. 
C. Lewis for Pennsylvania, H. D. Rogers, G. H. Cook, E. D. 
Cope, F. J. H. Merrill and N. L. Britton for New Jersey, W. 
W. Mather and Merrill for Long Island, Sanderson Smith for 
Gardner's Island, E. Desor and A. E. Verrill for Nantucket, 
and the first named for Point Shirley near Boston. 
McGee's personal studies relate chiefly to the coast between 
North Carolina and New York, and he establishes first the 
" Appomattox formation," which he evidently regards as Tertiary, 
though correlating it with a part of the Orange Sand of Hilgard. 
It is composed of orange-colored sands and clays, with a 
maximum thickness of 100 feet. Second, the undoubted Quater- 
nary is called the " Columbia formation " from its occurrence in 
the District of Columbia. It is identified with the deposits along 
the Atlantic coast described by the author cited, from South 
Carolina to Point Shirley, all of which are newer than tlie Ter- 
tiary. A further conclusion is that it is " much older than the 
terminal moraine or the drift sheet whose margin it marks," 
