Carboniferous Formation of Rennsylvania — Wasmuth. 317 
basin, and that such thick- ^ 
nesses as appear in Kohinoor gW^.o._ 
colliery, etc., have been 
produced by longitudinal 
faulting, or over-lapping, 
as illustrated in fig. 6: a, represents the gangway; i, 
place being robbed; c, longitudinal fault, and c/, the thickness, 
or over-lapping parts of the coal bed. The roof of the place 
being robbed was squeezy and alarming at the time of our visit, 
thus excluding a close investigation of the stratification; but 
the piles of rock, similar polished boulders, which had fallen 
down with the coal were convincing evidences to me that the 
abnormal thickness of the coal bed could have been produced 
by over-lapping only. In the same gangway there was exposed 
"a slickensides" with distinct striation, thus indicating beyond 
a doubt a gentle movement of the fractured strata. In another 
shaft of the same colliery a longitudinal fault had been devel- 
oped with moderate dislocation on the 
"Holmes" bed as illustrated in Fig. 7. 
The character of the fault was so plain 
and distinct and in accordance with the 
established theories, that I desisted from 
further investigation of the rolls crossed by the continued cut. 
In the mine "Hannibal" in Westphalia, there has been 
developed in a coal seam of six feet thick, longitudinal faulting 
with two fractures, thus increasing the thickness of the coal 
bed to about 15 feet for a distance of about 20 to 30 feet. The 
United States geological survey admits, that details of struc- 
ture are duplicated in different districts. (Pamphlet "Coal" 
page 296, Washington 1887). In the coal mines of China, 
transverse faults have been developed similar to those faults 
developed in Europe and in the coal mines of Pennsylvania. 
{Engineering and Mining Journal). The application of the 
occurrence in Westphalia, mentioned above, to similar occur- 
rences in the anthracite measures however, was rejected by a 
certain geologist, because the anthracite beds were not in 
Germany. 
The southern anthracite field forms a narrow synclinal about 
65 miles long and its topography is favorable to mining above 
water level; a facility which has been realized all over its 
