Ethical Functions of Scientific Studg — Chamberlin. 395 
day are things of yesterday. Ones old opinions are as all old 
opinions, entitled to respect in the precise measure of their 
truthfulness and in no other, save as historic relics. It 
is indeed a moral attitude. It is indeed superhuman to 
sit in judgment upon one's own opinions, robed in the 
same judicial ermine with which one enwraps himself 
when he adjudicates the opinions of others. From our very 
nature our affections go forth to our own intellectual children 
and to treat them as we would treat the offspring of others is in 
contravention to the law of parental affection. We only avoid 
this by rising into the higher plane of affection Avhich embraces 
within its reach all intellectual creations in the impartiality of 
a universal affection. To this lofty habit we fail to attain, but 
it is the function of a catholic and candid search for the truth 
to lead us upward to those lofty realms. 
So likewise, in so far as devotedness to truth frees us from 
our natural partialities, it fosters candor in thought and action. 
This candor is often an expression of the highest moral courage; 
a loftier and truer courage than springs from personal bravery, 
or pride of opinion, or self-conceived heroism. It is the courage 
of simple conviction. It is not the courage of the intellectual 
warrior clashing swords with an antagonist over some battled 
question in which marshaled antagonisms enter to stimulate the 
individuality, but rather that pacific courage which rests its 
confidence in the ultimate triumph of its own truthfulness, 
which puts forth its conclusions, not in battle array, but simply 
in their logical relations, trusting not to any marshaling against 
attack, but rather to their inherent strength. It is the refined 
courage of intellectual peace, not the gross courage of intellec- 
tual war. The calmness with which the author of the most 
wide-reaching of modern hypotheses set forth his array of facts 
and inferences, and the quiet, courageous and noucombative 
spirit with which he received the onslaught made upon him from 
all quarters of the heavens, constitutes one of the sublimest ex- 
amples of serene personal courage that human history has wit- 
nessed. Great as has been the intellectual contribution of Mr. 
Darwin to the thought of his time, it is perhaps scarcely greater 
than the moral influence of his supremely candid spirit. 
I had hoped to find a remaining moment in which to invite 
your attention to other ethical effects of investigative study, 
