Geoloijij cud Palaeontology in Germany. — Zittel. 179 
area in their superior member consisting of breccia, and in 
there being a well marked erosion unconformity at its surf act- 
in Wisconsin and an inferred one (supported by some facts as 
noted) in northwestern Illinois, (b) The similarity, inlitho- 
logical constitution, between the Lower Magnjesian limestone 
outcrops seen by the writer in Missouri and in the Elk Horn 
area, both displaying several features peculiar, as I believe, 
to this formation, (c) False-bedding is rare elsewhere in the 
St. Peter sandstone, but is common in this area, (d) Depos- 
its at the contact of the sandstone and Trenton limestone 
which seem to indicate conditions of soil formation, (e) The 
confirmation of Mr. W J McGee's suggestion, in his memoir 
on the "Pleistocene History of Northeastern Iowa," that the 
elevation of the strata to such a degree as to permit the St. 
Peter sandstone to outcrop at several points in Illinois is due 
to the intersection of different members of a sj-stem of paral- 
lel undulations, developed in Iowa and continued eastward in 
Illinois, with the Grand de Tour-La Salle anticlinal. 
HISTORY OF INSTRUCTION IN GEOLOGY AND 
PALEONTOLOGY IN GERMAN 
UNIVERSITIES.* 
By Karl A VON Zittel. Munich. Bavaria. 
In tin- fundamental researches of the preceding and the beginning of 
the present centuries, by virtue of which Geology and Palaeontology 
rose in the dignity of independent natural sciences, German institutions 
bore only a very insignificant part. The higher academies of that pe- 
riod could boast as a rule of but a single professor of natural history, 
who usual l.\ combined instruction in botauj and zoologj . and sometimes 
also in mineralogy. The work of tin' modem fleld-geologisi and topog- 
rapher was carrii'd mi in those days merely by mining engineers, t" 
whom, indeed, we are indebted fur tin' first trulj scientific reports mi 
tin- areal geology of a region. Lehmann (1736) ami Fiichsel (1762) pub- 
lished as tong^ago as the last emit ury the results of their observations on 
certain mining districts in Thtiringia, established and defined tin' idea 
of "formations" (as for example the Kupferschiefer, Zechstein, Roth- 
liegendes, etc.), and worked ou1 the stratigraphy I'm- the Thtiringer 
stati's. Fuchsel even wenl so far as to attempt a cartographical deline- 
ation of his observations, and this, tin' first geological map ever con- 
structed, In' proceeded further to elucidate i>.\ means of profiles. The 
♦Translated, with permission oi the author, from Die deutsch 
ited by Prof. W. Lexis, Berlin, 1894), by Charles R Eastman, Ph. D., Saint Paul, Minn. 
