Geology and Palaeontology in Germany, — Zittel. 181 
universities, a second either full or assistant professorship in geologj 
and palaeontology was established in addition to that in mineralogy. 
At present there are three full professors in Berlin and two in Bonn, 
Gottingen, Leipzic, Marburg, Munich, and Strassburg; must of th" other 
universities retain a full professor in either geology or mineralogy, and 
an assistant professor in palaeontology. On the individual accomplish- 
ments and the special services rendered to science by many of the occu- 
pants of these chairs is based the claim which German universities have 
to make on the building up and furtherance of geology and palaeontol- 
ogy, 
Amon»' the older institutions of Prussia, Berlin was from the first 
the best equipped in facilities for instruction, in rich collections and li- 
braries, and in a strong corps of teachers. The researches of Gustav 
Rose. Rammelsberg, and Justus Roth in lithology, chemical geology, 
and vulcanism, the fruitful inquiries of E. Beyrich in the department 
of structural and historical geology, together with his geological recon- 
naissance of Silesia and the base of the Hartz, the pioneer investigal ions 
of Ehrenberg on microscopic rock-building organisms, both recent and 
fossil, as well as the unfortunately too scantily recognized work of 
< tschatx in t he const ruction of microscopic sections of minerals and rocks, 
all contributed to make Berlin, even after the death of Leopold von 
Buch, a leading center of geological and palaeontological research. In 
December, 1848. the lJciit.sc//r GeologwcJie Qesellsehaft sprang into being; 
and with it a periodical was founded, which down to the present mo- 
ment has continued to exercise a most powerful influence on the growth 
of geology and palaeontology. 
Bonn vied for a long time with Berlin for the precedence. By a for- 
tunate coincidence there was gathered here, about the middle 
of the century, a notable company of scientists, such as Nogger- 
ath. Bischof, Goldfuss, Ferdinand Roemer, Mohr, Gerhard! vom Hath. 
Vblgelgesang, Zirkel, and von Dechen, director of mining industries, 
all of whom were highly prominent in their various specialties. Von 
Dechen's geological atlas of i he Rhine count ry and West phalia, winch 
appeared in 35 sheets on a scale of 1 : SO, Dill), and was accompanied by 
two volumes Of text, was the first geological map of a considerable part 
of Germany executed on a large scale, it remains to-day a remarkable 
instance of precise observation, and builds the foundation of all subse- 
quent surveys. The publication of vim Dechen's QeognostiscJu Nieber- 
aichtskarte run Central h'"r<>/><>. in 1869, rendered the results of geological 
investigations universally accessible. Ferdinand Roemer's Wmnwclies 
Sehiefergebirg, and Goldfuss's Petrefacta Germanuv, will endure as noble 
monuments to the patient industry and accuracy of German investiga- 
tors; while <;. Bischof's renowned Lehrbuch der physikali&chen "in/ chem- 
ischen Geologu opened up in an original manner a new and quite unex- 
plored territory, and affected a permanent modification of the current 
theories of volcanic action and the origin anil met a morph ism of rocks. 
In Bonn also originated the modern reform in petrography. The light 
thrown by If. Clifton Sorby's investigations into the microstructure of 
