Geology and Palceontology in Germany. — Zittel. 183 
served sixteen years as professor of crystallography and geognosy in t h<> 
Freiberg School of Mines, where he won renown for his excellent crys- 
tallographic and mineralogical researches. While at Freiberg, also, he 
had been engaged with Bernhard von Cotta in the construction of a 
geognostic map of Saxony, which was published on a scale of 1:120,000 
and exercised an immense influence on the growth of the mining indus- 
tries, especially in the coal regions of Saxony, and rivalled in point of 
accuracy von Decheri's map of Rhin eland and Westphalia. Bui Nau- 
mann's crowning geological work is his Lehrbuch der Oeognosie, univer- 
sally recognized as the most thorough and comprehensive treatise on the 
subject and which remained for decades the one ideal handbook for 
every student of geology. Naumann's exceptional ability as a teacher 
made Leipzic an important center for training in mineralogy and geol- 
ogy; nor were the old traditions swept away at Naumann's death, which 
occurred in 1873, since his mantle fell on two such worthy successors as 
F. Zirkeland Hermann Credner, the latter of whom is the authorof the 
best shorter textbook on geology that exists, and is director of the Saxon 
Geological Survey. In the study of palaeontology, however. Leipzic 
offers but few advantages, although the botanist Schenk, together with 
Kchimper, Geinitz, Weiss and, more recently. Count Solms-Laubach 
(Strassburg), has rendered most valuable service in enlarging our knowl- 
edge of fossil plants. 
Of the three Bavarian universities, Munich led the way by beginning 
in the second half of the century to take a lively interest in geological 
and palaeontological discoveries. The rich collections of the Royal 
Academy of Bavaria, after the removal of 'the university from Land- 
shut to the capital, were placed in the custodianship of a university 
professor, with the privilege of their being used for educational and 
oilier scientific purposes. Schafhautl was the first full professor of ge- 
ology appointed (1843), who devoted himself chiefly to the investigation 
of the then almost wholly unknown geology of the Bavarian Alps, while 
A. Wagner, professor of zoology, took charge of the palaeontological 
work. Later, however, as W. Gumbel began his career as scientist, 
university instructor, and director of the State Geological Survey, and 
little by little as the results of his forty years' experience in the exhaus- 
tive study of tin' geology of Bavaria were published in his ureal work 
< Geognosiische Beschreibung </< /■ bayerischt n . \i[» h, <><■•< ostbayi rischt n < • r, nz- 
gebirges, des Wiehtelgebirgea, und frankischen Jura), and as at the same 
time Alh. uppel entered upon his brief hut most successful period of in- 
struction. Muni(d) became more and more prominent as a training school 
in geology and palaeontology, and during the last thirty years has turned 
out a goodly number of some of the ablest younger geologists and palae- 
ontologists, such as Benecke, Waagen, Schwager, Sohlonbach, Neu- 
mayr, /on Sutner, Branco, Naumann, Vacek, Pohlig, Bohm, Stein maim. 
Penck, Etothpletz, Walther, Gottsche, von Ammou, Schlosser, Eteis, von 
Wohrmann, Jaekel, Eberhard Fraas, and others.* 
[•The extreme modesty of the author forbids even the bare mention of his name in 
connection with the University he lias served so well. It is. however, scarcely necessary 
to add that the pre-eminence which Munich enjoys to-day, among European training 
schools in geology and palaeontology, is due almost wholly to the rare ability and influ- 
ence of our master in these sciences.— TRANS.] 
