198 The American Geologist. September, 1894 
again enters upon the plain a few miles further west. In thai pari near 
the Narrows upon which the moraine rests the underlying strata ;i !■•■ 
folded ;t 1 1< I tilted exactlj as thej are <>u Long Island and Martha's Vine- 
yard. Up to this poinl the evidences of disturbance are continuous. 
As sunn, however, as the line of the moraine leases the plain and bends 
around over the Archaean axis the indications of disturbance cease ab- 
solutely and they, are not again mel with until the moraine once more 
enters upon the plain. 
The dip and strike of the disturbed strata are generally too erratic to 
be of any stratigraphic value. The prevailing strike, however, follows 
the general trend of the moraine and the strata are either bent inloover- 
thrusl folds, tilted with the dip towards the north, or folded into north 
and south anticlines. East and west dips are also to be seen, especially 
on the sides of the inlets and harbors of the north shore of Lone- Island 
and on Gardiner's Island. These are probably due to the lateral thrust 
of tongues of ice in advance of the main mass. 
The effects produced by the advancing ice front have been wonder- 
fully paralleled by a series of experiments on the compression of plastic 
strata recently made by Bailey "Willis, the resultsof which are published 
in the Kith Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. Survey. 
One of the objections to the theory of mountain-making, which ap- 
pears to be the most serious, is that if the disturbance was pfeglacial it 
must have taken place subsequent to the time when the Lafayette or 
even later formations had been laid down, as we find these gravels in- 
cluded in the distorted strata. This would leave but a very short pe- 
riod of time in which to develop the line of hills upon which the moraine 
rests, and would imply a sudden disturbance rather than a gradual 
mountain-making process, and the facts at our command do not warrant 
the assumption that such conditions prevailed. 
Again, any such development of force would inevitably result in the 
disturbance of strata below as well as upon the surface, and this we do 
not find to be the case. At Cold Spring the superficial strata are beau- 
tifully crumpled and folded, bill where the lower strata are exposed 
these are undisturbed. Finally, in this theory we should have to dis- 
miss as unworthy of serious thought the coincidence of the disturbed 
Strata with the line of the moraine and their absence elsewhere, and to 
regard this as a coincidence only. [The paper was illustrated by charts 
and sketches. | 
y,i ults of tin region between the Mohawk river and tin Adirondack moun- 
tains. X. H. Darton, Washington, I). C. An account of structural re- 
lations and general stratigraphy of the Lower Paleozoics in the region 
extending from the Mohawk vallej to the southern edge of the Adiron- 
dacks and eastward to lake George. The series of faults are the most 
salient features and their relations, distribution and extent were des- 
cribed. 
Review of our Knowledge of tin Geology if tin California Goast Ranges. 
\\\ II. W. Fairbanks, Berkeley, California. The (oast ranges were 
defined geographically and pronounced a mountain system separate from 
the Klamath mountains and the Sierra Nevada. They are shown to be 
not a new range, but rather an old one. with an axis along which dislo- 
cation has taken place repeatedly from pre-Cretaceous times until posl- 
Tertiary. Their stratigraphy was discussed in detail, and they were 
shown to be made up of (1) a metamorphic presCretaceous core, rang- 
ing in age probablj from Carboniferous to late Jurassic; and (2) a later 
non-metamorphic series, composed of Cretaceous, Tertiary and post- 
Tertiary rocks. The lithology and structure of the Const ranges were 
compared to those of the Sierra Nevada. 
