278 The American Geologist. November, 1894 
a mile, dunes and sandy ridges began to appear. One of these, 
in a field about 40 rods east of the road, is a long and very 
evenly formed beach ridge. Farther to the northeast the road 
crosses a few faint ridges and then ascends a series of three 
or four low gravelly terraces, which face like steps toward the 
southwest over the sandy plain. The first road to the t right, 
which follows the seventh and eighth concession line of Ma- 
caulay township, leads across a series of ridges of gneiss, with 
intervening hollows of considerable depth. Across these we 
drove about three miles to an abandoned farm which ap- 
peared to be near the top of a fifth principal ridge. On the 
east side of the first ridge and near its top there is a large 
terrace of water-worn gravel and pebbles. Its composition is 
well shown in a ballast pit. At the top of the third ridge, 
which is about two and a half miles northeast of Bracebridge, 
the most marked evidences of wave action were found. The 
crest of this ridge is flanked on both sides by gravel terraces. 
The one on the east is small and narrow, and the ground is 
not well cleared for observation, but the one on the west is 
much heavier and easier .to see. In a lot just south of the 
road it has the form of a wide, low ridge with a slight depres- 
sion behind it. North of the road the terrace extends at 
about the same width, and the farm buildings of Mr. Leeder 
are built upon it. From the field south of the road the ter- 
race extends southward as a short spit ridge, forming a con- 
nection with a rocky ledge, which was formerly a reef with 
water off its precipitous front 60 to 70 feet deep. Excavations 
for postholes show the composition of the spit and the terrace 
in the field to be characteristic beach gravel. This terrace 
faces southwest over the valley of the Muskoka river, and 
MuBkoka lake and Georgian bay. Its altitude is about 1 » 7 o 
feet above sea level. In passing over the other ridges to the 
eastward we did not discover any evidence of submergence at 
higher levels. The second ridge, which lies next west of the 
third, is not so high and did not record the upper limit of 
wave action. The first ridge lacks onl^y 20 or 25 feet of being 
as high as the third one, but we saw nothing to show whether 
the terrace on its east side marks the highest level of submer- 
gence or not. Looking eastward from the top of the second 
ridge, the terrace at Leeder's farm, on the third, is seen to 
