Pleistocene Features — Fairchild. 137 
the waters fell to the hight of the outlets at Joshua and 
Navarino, leading west to the Otisco valley, and are called 
the South Onondaga lake. A yet lower lake, the Onondaga 
Valley lake, had eastward escape by the channels at James- 
ville. On the Butternut valley the highest lake, Butternut 
lake, overflowed south across the col and through Tully 
village, while its successor, the Jamesville lake, had outlet 
eastward by the channels northeast of Jamesville. 
The vast expanse of Glacial waters which were held by 
the waning ice sheet in the Huron, Erie and Ontario basins 
had their lower escape through the lower members of the 
local lakes already mentioned. These were the great lake 
Warren and the lowering waters, of which only one pausfc 
had been determined, namely: lake Dana. The Warren 
waters reached this territory with an altitude of about 890 
feet as the present level. The Dana waters were about 180 
feet lower, and the outlet of lake Dana is believed to be the 
great channel leading east from Marcellus. The numerals 
given in connection with the channels shown in the accom- 
panying map, show the present altitude of the heads of the 
channels. (Plate vii.) 
The successor of the Warren water and the falling 
Warren (Hyper-Iroquois) in the Ontario is lake Iroquois, 
with its outlet at Rome over the Mohawk valley. Lake 
Iroquois flooded the Syracuse plain and the lower ends of 
the Onondaga, Butternut and Limestone valleys. The 
wave-cut notches on the drumlins and the wave-built spits 
and bars are to be seen near the city. 
The most novel and interesting features of the region 
are the deserted river channels, which were cut by the 
Glacial waters in their escape to the eastward past the ice 
border. After the glacier had dumped its rock-rubbish in 
the valleys and so formed the valley-head moraine, or pres- 
ent water parting, it wasted away until the ice border was 
many miles north of the moraines, thus forming the valley 
basins that held the local Glacial lakes described above, the 
northern barrier being the ice body itself. The later waters 
held in these basins escaped across the ridges and pro- 
duced the fossil channels that are indicated in the map. 
The reader should clearly understand that the present 
