140 The American Geologist 
September, 190"> 
distance the drumlins appear in remarkable form. The 
Salina shales appear in places as red or green clay-like ex- 
posures, the best display being 3 nyles east of Newark, on 
the south side of the tracks. 
Approaching Syracuse from the cast by the New York 
Central. — From Schenectady to Rome the railroad lies in 
the ancient channel of the Iromohawk river, a stream larger 
than the St. Lawrence, which carried the overflow of the 
Glacial lake, lake Iroquois. On the south wall of the valley 
may be seen the high-level channels cut by Glacial waters 
when held up by the ice front. Such are conspicuous three 
or four miles west of Little Falls and east of Utica for sev- 
eral miles. Between Little Falls and Rome the deltas built 
in the earlier waters and the flood plains of the Iromohawk 
are conspicuous. (This stretch is covered by the Utica, 
Oriskany and Oneida sheets of the geological map of New 
York State.) From Rome to near Oneida the railroad lies 
in a pronounced Glacial river channel. All the way from 
Oneida to Syracuse the tracks lie on the Iroquois lake-bot- 
tom, while the south banks of the ice-border drainage are 
conspicuous at many points, on the south side of the train 
appearing as steep bluffs on the saliences. The north bank 
of the stream was the ice of the ancient Glacial cap. 
The West Shore railroad parallels the New York Cen- 
tral from Oneida to Syracuse and shows the stream-cut 
bluffs even better, since it lies farther south. 
Approaching Syracuse from the south by the Delaware 
Lackawanna and Western railroad. — Northward from Bing- 
hamton the road follows valleys which were the southern 
escape of Glacial waters. The abundant stream detritus 
may be seen in the broad stretches of gravel plains and in 
terraces and deltas at the mouths of side valleys. From 
Tully northward for two miles the road lies in the small 
channel across the col which was the outlet of the Butternut 
Glacial lake. From Apulia to Jamesville the road lies high 
on the west side of the Butternut valley and commands a 
fine view of the valley features. For three miles north of 
Apulia the valley is partly filled with moraine drift. Oppo- 
site Onativia broad delta terraces are seen on the east side, 
which correlate with the Tullv outlet. Moraine drift is 
