150 The American Geologist. September, 1905 
"The insects from the Marion seem on the whole very different 
from those of the Lawrence shales and other Coal Measure de- 
posits. The Coal Measure insects, as far as known, are on the 
average large; on the contrary, most of the Marion species are 
small. Cockroaches at this new locality are much in the minority. 
Of some six hundred specimens collected, not more than about 
sixteen are cockroaches and these are of small size and belong for 
the most part to the Coal Measure and Permian genus, Etoblattina 
Fossil plants were discovered in the Marion in 1899. The collec- 
tions made from the Marion and Y^ellington (?) during 1899-1900 
seemed to the writer at that time to indicate a lower Permian 
flora. These collections have since been increased, and it may 
now be said with a good deal of confidence that, although a few 
species have survived from the Upper Coal Measures, the Marion 
contains on the whole a distinctly Permian flora: The' marked 
change in the insect fauna in passing from the Lawrence shales 
to the Marion formation is therefore paralleled by the plant evolu- 
tion."t 
The evidence furnished by fossil plants regarding the 
correlation of the upper Paleozoic formations of Kansas has 
been reviewed by Dr. David White. His conclusions con- 
cerning two of these floras are important in reference to the 
identification of the Permian. The lower of these floras is 
from the Elmdale formation (which in the writer's classi- 
fication is put in the Wabaunsee stage of the Missourian 
series, beginning about 200 feet below its top) at Onaga, in 
the northeastern part of Pottawatomie county and part of 
its analysis by Dr. White follows : 
"No species in any way characteristic of the Lower Coal 
Measures or the Allegheny formation remains. On the other hand, 
the ferns, either as individual species or as phases of species hav- 
ing wide range, are clearly indicative of a stage at least very high 
in the Upper Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian). Nearly all the 
species have been reported from either the Permian of Europe or 
the Dunkard formation of the United States, though, with the pos- 
sible exception of Pecopteris Newherriana, none are distinctly char- 
acteristic of the Permian. Most of the forms present occur in 
the Dunkard formation, whose flora was fully treated by professors 
Fontaine and I. C. White. * * * 
"The evidence presented by this small Onaga flora may, there- 
fore, be construed, so far as it represents the plants of its hori- 
zon, as indicating a stage probably within the Monongahela forma- 
tion of the Appalachian region, or possibly as high as the lowest 
part of the Dunkard formation, although, with the exception of 
Pecopteris Newherriana, the collection in hand does not contain 
t Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser.. vol. xvi, October, 1903, pp. 323, 324. 
