Geological Observations.— Reagan. 243. 
one hundred feet higher than White Thunder creek four 
miles away; and both streams, here, have their channels in 
the Loup Fork sands. It seems to be only a question of 
how long it will take, the result is evident. 
Oak creek is likely to make a similar capture of the 
Kaya Paha at some time. 
Why White river has all its tributaries on its southern 
side. The Cretaceous north of White river dips north and 
naturally causes the watershed of that stream on the north 
to be the bluffs on that side. In addition to this, the greater 
part of the strata to the north are Cretaceous shales, while 
to the south they are horizontal, softer, Oligocene shales 
and Loup Fork sands. The Tertiary being the easier eroded 
the river has cut its tributaries on that side. 
Irrigation. 
Irrigation is not carried on at all on the reservation;, 
but could be in the valleys of White river and its larger 
tributary, Little White, also along Antelope creek, with but 
little expense. The valley of Little White is about a mile 
wide in its lower course ; and, as the stream is at base level 
there and at the level of the valley floor, this whole valley 
could be made a garden. It would necessitate considerable 
fluming, however, to irrigate the bottom lands of Big White,, 
as the master stream is usually called on the reservation,, 
for the bluffs wedge in to the water's edge occasionally; 
but in the end it would pay. The land is of good quality 
and would be very productive if water could be got to it. 
The Kaya Paha and its head stream, Antelope creek, 
have plenty of water and also flat valleys. It seems a 
shame' that the Indians allow so much water to run to waste 
each year, when, if properly used, the government would 
not be compelled to feed and clothe them. 
The creeks that are tributary to A\ nite river would 
furnish no water for irrigating purposes, not even by the 
storage reservoir system. Except in flood times, they are 
practically dry ; and water stored in them seeps away in the 
sand that fills their channels. Side reservoirs in the little 
ravines having Oligocene or Cretaceous shales for a bottom 
are the only reservoirs that hold water for stock during the 
drv season. 
