The Cleveland ^Vate/• Supp/i/ Tunnel. — Pierce. 385 
when the hard clay was again met with at the bottom of the ex- 
cavation, and leaving the soft clay at an angle inclined in an 
opposite direction from that in which it was entered. The 
second deposit of this character was entered and left the same 
as the first, the second being a little longer than the first. 
"The horizontal direction of the first deposit was from 
southeast to northwest, and that of the second deposit was 
from southwest to northeast, the sides forming what appear to 
have been the banks of an old watei^ course. The clay under 
the crib being the same as found nearer shore in this valley 
leads to the belief that it rests on the deposit filling this old 
channel." 
The soft material on which this crib rests is well shown 
in the fact that during a storm shortly after it was placed, it 
sank eleven feet in one night, and has settled over thirteen 
feet in all. 
The clay through which both the old tunnels were e>:ca- 
vated is reported to have been unstratified, except at the lo- 
calities noted as parts of an old river channel. But the new 
tunnel passes all the way, nearly five miles, in stratified clay \ 
and the shaft at tl:e new intake crib was wholly in stratified 
clay from the lake bed to the bottom of the tunnel, fifty-three 
feet. The old tunnels are at the upper part of the western as- 
cending slope from tl;e submerged continuation of thepre- 
glacial and dii.'t-filled Cuyahoga valley; and the new tunnel 
lies nearly at the center, though not the deepest part, of that 
\-<x\\ft\. 
EDITORIAL COMMENT. 
FUNDAMENT.XL CHANGES IN THE ARCHEAN AND ALGONKIAN, AS 
UNDERSTOOD BY PROF. VAN HISE OF THE UNITED 
STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
'ilie following extracts are from the twenty-first annu;'.! re- 
port of the I'nited States Geological Survey, part 3, pp. 317 
and 402, 1901. Their bearing on the differences that exist con- 
cerning these rocks between the United States and the Min- 
nesota surveys is apparent to those who have been familiar 
