Toronto and Scarboro' Drift Scries.— U phaiii. 309 
its color and being still quite tough, althoueh some of the wood, prob- 
ably decayed before being water-logged and included in the clay, is in a 
worse condition. Parts of the wood are almost of the nature of brown 
coal, breaking across easily and showing a coaly luster on the broken 
surfaces. It may be worthy of mention that some large bits of porous 
charcoal, as if from the burning of a log, were found cemented with 
limonite in the sand ( Xo. 6) just under the blue clay. The leaves 
are preserved generally in the thinner body of clay, and are rarely ob- 
tained whole. * * * 
THE SC.\RE0R0' OR COOL CLIM.\TE BEDS. 
After the close of the Don period, the interglacial lake deepened 
greatly, finally standing more than 150 feet above lake Ontario, and a 
great series of clays and sands were deposited by the Laurentian river 
in the form of 'delta materials in the wide and deep bay at this time 
extending still farther to the north than before. As seen at Taylor's 
brickyard, the clay beds, gray and finely laminated, with a few thin 
peaty layers, rest conformably on the brown sand at the top of the 
Don beds. The thickness, however, is not great, on account of later 
interglacial erosion, at the south end of the clay pit only 7!/2 feet, 70 
yards north, 13 feet, and a quarter of a mile to the northeast, 30 feet. 
These clays are magnificently shown at Scarboro' Heights, where they 
were carefully studied by Dr. Hinde. They commence, as shown in a 
well sunk on the shore beneath the cliff, about five feet be- 
low lake Ontario, and rise eighty-five or ninety feet above 
it. The upper surface mingles somewhat with the overlying 
sand and varies in hight to some extent. The clay is gray, 
very firm and resistant, almost as much so as the Hudson River shale 
of the region, and is generally finelv laminated, though there are beds 
from two to four or five feet thick, showing little or no lamination. 
Besides the fine lamination there are often thin layers of grayish silt 
with peaty material at distances of one or two inches apart, per- 
haps representing flood seasons of an annual character. These silty 
layers cannot often l)c traced for more than a few feet horizontally, 
and may run up or down into a bed showing no lamination in a way 
suggesting cross bedding. .Xnother very characteristic feature is the 
presence of half inch sheets of greenish impure siderite every two or 
three feet,' though these are not found everywhere. 
The silty layers with peaty substances when washed to remove clay 
and then dried and looked over with a lens show great uniformity in 
all parts of the region. Scales of mica are always nximcrous. as well 
as mosses, spruce leaves, certain round black seeds, and chitinous por- 
tions of beetles. So constant is this assemblage that these clays are 
easily recognized by it when found in new localities, the clay ironstone 
sheets affording an additional earmark. Finally these are the only 
clays in the region which burn to a dark red brick. As their materials 
must have been derived by the Laurentian river and its tributaries 
from the calcareous boulder clav of the vallev t(i the nortli. much of 
