3IO The American Geologist. November, looi. 
the lime must have gone into solution by artificial weathering before 
reaching tiie river or have l)een dissolved during the time of transport, 
thus allowing the red color due to iron to appear on burning. * * * 
Dr. S. H. Scudder, who determined the beetles, thinks that all but 
two of the 72 [species listed in Coleman's paper] are extinct. * * * 
The number of species of beetles could no doubt be extended if the 
work of determining them were not so very laborious. In addition to 
the beetles, cyprids occur, and rarely also fragments of Sphaeriums. 
The plants include several trees. Prof. Penhallow having found 
Larix americana, Picea alba, and another species of Picea, in materials 
from Price's and Simp.son's brickyards : while Dr. Macoun found 
leaves apparently of willow and alder in peaty material from Scar- 
boro', as well as two shrubs, Oxycoccus palustric and Vaccinium uli- 
ginosum, and some smaller plants, such as Equisetum, Carex aquatilis, 
and C. utriculata. Dr. Hinde reports five species of mosses. * * * 
Dr. Scudder judges from the relationships of the beetles to mod- 
ern forms that the climate had "a boreal aspect, though by no means 
so decidedly boreal as one would anticipate under the circumstances." 
The same conclusion is reached by Dr. Macoun and by Prof. Pen- 
hallow from the plant remains. * * * 
The peat}' clay occupies the western part of the great bay into 
which the Laurentian river emptied when the interglacial lake was 
at its greatest hight. * * * the whole extent of the beds [is prob- 
ablyl 25 miles from east to west. The last exposure known towards the 
north is 6J/2 miles inland from lake Ontario, and no doubt if the cut- 
tings of the Don were deep enough it would be found considerably 
farther north. The greatest thickness of the clay at Scarboro' is 
about 94 feet, 5 below the lake and 89 above; but the upper limit is 
rather hard to fix, since it becomes interbedded with sand. * * * 
INTERGL.\CIAL S.\NDS. 
Above the peaty clay at Scarboro' there are stratified sands with 
a thickness of 55 or 60 feet where best developed near the central 
part of the Rights, following the lower beds conformably and ap- 
parently laid down in shallower water but under similar climatic con- 
ditions. The lower 4 or 5 feet have clayey layers, but above this the 
sand is quite coarse, though free from pebbles, and shows cross bed- 
ding in some layers. In the sand are found all the usual minerals of 
Archean rocks, and a few bands of garnet and magnetite occur, evi- 
dently arranged under wave action, as on the present beach at the foot 
of the cliff. Just over the peaty clay there is sometimes an accumulation 
of coarse woody material, flattened twigs, bits of bark, etc., with quite 
laree branches of Larix americana and Abies balsamea ; and similar lay- 
ers, but in less quantity, occur at a few points twenty or thirty feet 
hieher un in the cross bedded sand. Near the top of the sand numer- 
ous nut-like concretions of brown iron ore are found, and occasionally 
also a few shells, such as Sphaerium rhomboideum, S. fabale, Limnaea 
sp., Planorbis sp., and Valvata tricarinata, but Unios have not been ob- 
