194: The Ainevican Geologist September, 1892 
possible below it, the ice moved over the whole surface in one di- 
rection, scoring hill and valley alike, but that in the later stages 
where local conditions could in part control or influence 
the drainage, the course of the ice was also influenced 
thereby and it took its course along the valleys, scoring them in 
the direction of their length. He also showed a large map of the 
Connecticut valley glacier on which was represented the long 
eskar skirting the river and through which its channel has in some 
places been cut. The stones in the eskar have, he said, all come 
■down the valley, and belong to the region. 
A paper by Prof. Gr. (>. Broadhead was then read by Prof. 
Branner on the Ozark uplift and the history of the palaeozoic in 
Missouri. The author sketched what was, in his view, the course 
of events during paUeozoic time in these mountains, narrating the 
story of their upheaval and subsidence in the palaeozoic sea. The 
paper was a summary of present knowledge on the subject rather 
than a contribution of new material. 
The paper that attracted most interest was by Prof. James Hall, 
of Albany, on the "Oneota Sandstone." He showed a section in 
which the relative position of this disputed layer and its associ- 
ated strata was set forth, and explained their relationships. The 
venerable and veteran American palaeontologist stated as the re- 
sult of his long and repeated observations that the ' 'Oneota Sand- 
stone" passed eastwardly into the lower Catskill and vv'estwardly 
into the Portage. Over the latter lies the Chemung thickening 
and to the w^estward, with this thickening comes in a difference 
of composition, the sandstones of the east giving place to the 
shales of the west. All these overlie immediately the Tully lime- 
stone where this latter exists. Dr. Hall continued his description 
of the Catskill, stating that no marine fossils existed in it, and 
that its almost sole bivalve shell and its large fish indicated rather 
estuarian,or fresh water, than marine conditions of deposit. The 
merging of the Catskill, lithologically, in the Portage, to the 
w^estward is very significant in indicating that the fauna of a group 
depends not a little on biological conditions, which are second 
only to secular changes and extinction of species. 
A paper on dynamical geology by Mr. Becker was read in his 
absence by Prof. 11. T. Woodward. It dealt with the subject of 
strains produced b}' stresses, and insisted on the exact defini- 
tion of these and several other terms frequently employed with 
considerable laxity. The paper contained some new views of 
faulting which called forth a few remarks, but in the absence of 
the author a paper so mathematical in its treatment could not be 
fully discussed. 
Mr. Warren Upham had a lengthy paper on the structure of the 
drumlins of Massachusetts. After alluding to similar objects in 
other parts of the country, he spoke of the different kinds of 
drift — englacial, subglacial and super-glacial, and maintained 
