xiv BIRDS OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
7. Breast or pectus, also spoken of as pectoral region. 
8. Wing-coverts (greater, middle and lesser). 
9. Bastard or spurious wing. 
10. Occiput. 
11. Tertiaries, tertials, or tertiary quills. 
12. Scapulars or scapular feathers. 
13. Abdomen or belly. 
14. Lower tailcoverts; crissum. 
15. Crown or top of head. 
A. Culmem 
B. Cere. 
C. Lore or loral space. 
D. Gape or rictus. 
E. Commissure. 
F. Ear-coverts or auriculars. 
The writer is under many obligations to Mr. George B. Sennett, of 
Erie; Prof. August Kock, of Williamsport; Dr. Walter Van Fleet, of 
Benovo; Dr. John W. Detweiler, of Bethlehem— all gentlemen well versed 
in ornithological science—and others* who have spared no pains to assist 
in securing reliable information relating to our feathered fauna. To Mr. 
Benjamin M. Everhart, of West Chester, a gentlemen who deservedly 
ranks as one of the foremost botanical authorities in this country, the 
writer is particularly indebted for much valuable assistance in the prepa¬ 
ration of the present work. Mr. Everhart, although especially interested 
in the study of cryptogamic botany, has for over forty years devoted 
much attention to the study of birds, and while he has become eminent 
in botanical circles his knowledge of the feathered tribes is such that he 
is one of the best orinthologists in the state. The copious field notes 
(manuscript) of Mr. Everhart, also his large and valuable scientific 
library, having been placed at the disposal of the writer, a considerable 
amount of interesting and valuable matter has been given on the follow¬ 
ing pages that would not otherwise have been obtained. 
THE AUTHOR. 
West Chester, Pa. 
January , 1892. 
*See Appendix, List of Authorities, pp. 408-410. 
