BIRDS OF PENNSYLVANIA . 303 
Family MOTACILLIDiE. Wagtails. 
Genus ANTHTJS Bechstein. 
Anthus pensilvanicus (Lath.). 
American Pipit; Brown Lark; Titlark. 
Description. 
Bill slender and acute, slightly notched at end ; few short bristles about gape; 
nostrils naked ; hind claw very long, slender, curved and sharp pointed ; Avings 
long and pointed, the point being formed by first four primaries; some tertial 
feathers are only a little shorter than longest primaries : base of lower mandible 
(dried skins) pale brownish yellow; rest of bill, also legs and feet dark brown ; 
eyes brown, above grayish brown with a more or less tinge of olive-green ; some 
feathers of back and pileum have dusky centers ; central pair of tail-feathers shorter 
than the other rectrices, and quite similar but somewhat darker than back ; outer 
pair of tail-feathers mostly white, and next pair of lateral tail-feathers have white 
spot at end ; rest of tail blackish ; ring round eye. anti a streak about it, pale yellow¬ 
ish-white ; chin and throat whitish ; under tail-coverts, middle of abdomen and 
lower part of breast brownish-yellow: jugulum, sides of breast and body pale 
brownish-yellow streaked with dusky. Length about 6| ; extent about 11 inches. 
Habitat. —North America at large, breeding in the higher parts of the Rocky 
mountains and subarctic districts, and wintering in the Gulf States, Mexico and 
Central America. 
The Titlark is a common spring- ancl fall migrant, arriving here usu¬ 
ally about the first week in October, and remaining generally until about 
the middle of November; occasionally small parties of these, shy queru¬ 
lous-voiced birds are seen as winter residents in our southern counties. 
When migrating northward this species agaiij makes its appearance 
about the middle of April, and oftentimes a few scattered individuals 
are found about plowed grounds or along pools and other wet places in 
fields, meadows, etc., as late as the middle of May. Titlarks, during 
their stay with us, are usually seen in flocks of from ten to twenty or 
forty each, but at times larger flocks (one hundred or two hundred each) 
may be observed. These birds sometimes alight on fences or on the 
dead limbs of trees, but usually they are seen, when not flying, on the 
ground, as Mr. Ridgway writes * they move “ with a graceful gliding walk, 
tilting the body and wagging the tail at each step, much in the manner 
of a Seiurus. It is very restless, the flocks seldom remaining long at one 
place, but soon taking wing, they flit to another spot, or in graceful 
sweeps pass and repass over a particular place before alighting.” In 
this region I have noticed that the Titlarks are nearly always to be found 
frequenting plowed fields, where they collect insects, and their larvae as 
well as small seeds on which they feed. 
* Ornithology of Illinois, p. 111. 
