422 
BIRDS OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
Toothed like a saw. 
Ser rate. 
Serrated. 
Setaceous.—Bristly; bristled. 
Sex ual.—Pertaining to sex. 
Shaft.—The mid-rib of a feather. 
Shank.—Properly the shin or tibial segment of the leg. 
Side of Neck.—The space included between the cervix and the jugulurn. 
Sides.—The lateral portions of the inferior surface of a bird’s body, extending from 
near the armpits to and including the flanks. The sides are subdivisible into 
(1) sides of breast, (2) sides proper, and (3) flanks. 
Slate co'lor.—A. dark gray, or blackish gray color, less bluish in tint than plumbe¬ 
ous or lead color. 
Species.—Aggregate of individuals related by genetic succession without notable 
change of physical characters whereby they are distinguished from all other 
beings. 
Specific.—Of, or relating to a species ; as specific name, specific character. 
Spec'ulum.—Mirror ; brightly colored area on the secondaries, especially of certain 
ducks. 
Spher'ical.—Having the form of a sphere or globe. 
Spi'nose. ) 
Spi nous. 1 Hav,n S opines. 
Spu'rious.—False; imperfect; bastard; rudimentary. 
Spu rious Pri'mary.—The first primary when much reduced in size. 
Spu'rious Wing.—The alula or bastard wing. 
Squam'ose. 
Squam'ous. 
} Scaly; 
scale like. 
Stage.—Used specially for the progressive plumages of birds, as the adult stage , 
downy stage , etc. 
Steganopo'des.—A group of “Swimming Birds” characterized by having the hind 
toe united, on the inner side, to the inner anterior one by a full web. 
Strag'ulum.—Mantle; back and folded wings taken together. Same as pallium. 
Straw-col or.—A very light impure yellow, like cured straw. 
Striate. ) streake(L 
Stri ated. ) 
St r i' dent. —Sh rill. 
Sub-ba'sal.—Near the base. 
Subfam ily.—A sub-division of a family including one or more genera. 
Subge'nus.—A sub-division of a genus, of indefinite value, and frequently not rec¬ 
ognized by name except in the grouping of species. 
Sub-or'der—A group intermediate in taxonomic rank between an order and a 
family. 
Sub-spe cies.—A nascent species; a variation, usually geographical, of a species, 
but not accorded full specific rank on account of the incompleteness of its dif¬ 
ferentiation ; hence, usually a geographical race or form. 
Subu'late.—Awl-shaped. 
Sul phur Yel low.—A very pale pure yellow color, less orange in tint than dilute 
gamboge or lemon-yellow. 
Supercil'iary.—Above the eye. 
Superior'.—Lying over, above or uppermost. 
Supra-auri'cular.—Situate above the auriculars. 
Supralo'ral.—Situate above the lores. 
Su'pra-or'bital.—Situate over the orbit. 
Syn onym—A different word of the same or similar meaning. Also written syn¬ 
onym e. 
Synon ymous —Expressing the same meaning in different terms. 
Synon ymy.—A collection of synonyms. 
