448 
BIRDS OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
Cathartes aura. Turkey Vulture (115). Resident. 
Buteo latissimus. Broad-winged Hawk (130). Occasional breeder. 
Ceopliloeus pileatus. Pileated Woodpecker (170). Breeds regularly. 
Melanerpes carolinus. Red-bellied Woodpecker (173). Breeds regularly. 
Empidonax pusillus trail!ii. Traill’s Flycatcher (196). Breeds regularly. 
Dolichonyx oryzivorus. Bobolink (205). Breeds; Mr. L. W. Sayers found nest 
with five eggs in 1887. 
Melospiza yeorgiana. Swamp Sparrow (243). Breeds regularly. 
Cardinalis cardinalis. Cardinal (245). Resident. 
Spiza americana. Dickcissel (249, 250). Breeds occasionally. 
Lanius ludovicianus. Loggerhead Shrike (261). Breeds regularly. 
Helmitherus vermivorus . Worm-eating Warbler (274). Breeds regularly. 
Dendroica pensylvanica. Chestnut-sided Warbler (284). Summer resident. 
Seiurus motacilla. Louisiana Water-Thrush (29o). Breeds regularly. 
Geothlypis formosa. Kentucky Warbler (296). Summer resident. 
Mimuspolyglottos. Mockingbird (304). Straggler; May, 1888. 
Thryothorus bewickii. Bewick’s Wren (309). Breeds regularly. 
Poliojitila ccerulea. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (323). Breeds regularly. 
SECTION 4. 
Miscellaneous Notes. 
[Note.— Numbers after scientific names refer toother pages in this volume where 
mention is made of the same bird.] 
The Olive-backed Thrush (Turdus ustulatus swainsonii). 325,326. Although 
given by most writers as breeding chiefly north of the United States, and rarely being 
found south of the New England states during the breeding season, this bird is a com¬ 
mon summer resident in the forests of the Alleghenies near the town of Kane, 
McKean county, where it arrives in April and remains until October. The Olive- 
backed Thrush, like others of its genus, is a beautiful songster. When the female 
is engaged with eggs or young the male locates himself on the top, usually a dead 
limb or twig, of a high tree or bush, from whence his clear flute-like notes may be 
heard, frequently at a distance of half a mile. Although occasionally heard during 
midday, especially in cloudy weather, this exquisite minstrel seems to prefer the 
early morning and the waning hours of day to echo his melodious strains 
through the wild and picturesque haunts, the natal grounds doubtless of his fore¬ 
fathers. 
Five nests with eggs or young of this bird were found in the summer of 1891, by 
Mr. A. K. Pierce, of Renovo, in a swampy, bushy, briery and open woods along the 
Philadelphia and Erie railroad, about half a mile west of the town of Kane. June 
14th Mr. Pierce discovered three nests, each containing three eggs, and in the early 
part of July when on a second visit to the locality he found two more nests, one 
with three young birds recently hatched, the other nest contained two young and a 
spoiled egg. These nests, all placed in the upright forks of maple bushes, were 
built from three to eight feet above the swampy and rocky ground. This bird builds 
quite a compact, bulky and conspicuous nest, which can be found as easily as that 
of the Wood Thrush. The Wood Thrush and the American Robin both employ 
mud in making their nests, but the Olive-backed Thrushes use no mud in con¬ 
structing their houses. 
