AND 
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA HORTICULTURIST, 
L06 ANGELES, CAL., JANUARY, 1H*1 
THE OLTVE. 
wity. tile Olive prows about half a crop at pass from one to the next. In thru- troug! 
KENWORTIII, IX TUB ' 
«PiOBtD* f 1 .' 1 ' "ff‘ nt twenty years, and at forty yearn 
nisP tTCU ” [ if raised from Mod. 
Where the olive is grown ns in aotne 
Botanists mainlMin that tho Olive—o/ea parts of tho Riviera, on the lultridea, the 
fiuro/,"tt —is indigenous to the southeast ground is terraced; eaeh terrace is faced 
ern countries of the Mediterranean, and to with a stone wall, and keeping these in re 
have spread westward at a very early pe- I pair is an important item of expense. The 
Tho traveler who visits rho ventral olivo blossoms on tho Mediterranean from 
riod. 
Riviera from the west observes tho increase 
in the size of the olivu tree', as the train 
carries him to tho oust. At Boauieu thorp 
is an ancient olive tree which measures 2fl 
feet in circumference at lour feet from tho 
ground. It is said to have yielded 3Tj 
pounds of oil annually. Ifisso estimates 
its age at 1,000 years. Very large and aged 
trees are only to be found in the warmest 
and most sheltered pari* of the Riviera, 
owing to the severe frntUS which at times 
destroyed whole district* of olive yards. 
Great, damage resulted from the frost* of, 
ltd large number* were do> 
April U> June. The berries ripen and the 
harvest is collected from November tn May 
I ht fruit grown on the small trees of Prov¬ 
ence are gathered by hand. On the Ifivicio 
the laborers knock them down by means of 
long sticks, or by shaking the branches. If 
the trees are very large, men ascend then 
arid shake llie. berries off tho branches. Tin 
fallen berries are generally collected from 
the ground by females. It is interesting to 
notice that the custom of boating tho olives 
i* expressly mentioned in tho (did Testa¬ 
ment, I), nteronomy. xxiv, 20: “ When thou 
bttntost thine olive trees, thou ahull not go 
stmyed in the wvt-rc winters of IK.mi, Is.'U' over iln> boughs again.” Tim olives arc 
and lb.Ilf. I h. olive appears to l.e unable collected from the ground and transported 
to resist a temperature below Ml or M2 do- to tlm mills; some are worked by water 
B™®** . , I power and mono by oxen. The mills are 
1 he varieties of the olive are numerous, , the property of private individuals, who 
Ki;s., describes forty varieties of the <1, supply every thing nncexssry for the extnir 
n, id the ll,ui Jui-ilifiir tm-ntiuna j t ion of tin* oil, anil only require a small re 
fifteen varmties us cultivated in Knttn e. | ward for the Workmen, and the /■uw’.jm, o 
I ' 10 vaf,e 'y most generally cultivated in residue of tlm olive paste after the lirst and 
the marattme Alps i. that known ns the wound qualities have bcurt extracted, a* 
ol, •eier i.l. i /iv"/-. It reaches a height of tolls lur tlm uw of nt-ceswry applianc. s. 
over thirty led, and gives a iidi urop every Tho mills art; usually two stories, the 
two year*. Its oil M good, ami keeps well lower containing the mill mid presses for 
es tlie “ pjeureur ” i* | tlm ln-xt qualities of oil, ami in the upper 
At ( .'■rnouliK a story the mill in which tint rv.nr, iu i* r**- 
ty will, upright habit and dark grewi giotintl. The mills and presses are of tho 
generally grown. At nuinta 11o-j most primitivo description, and do not ap- 
. '} *•' «r the j pear to have bean improved for n ountury 
sea. . /Di/nu a, . it", and 0. hej^n | When ground, the material w placed In 
animt ° \ T 'rt,„i. The , V .o ,Hui are mult, of baud., 
W"«l, «"il Nuieesd the betj on ; like nil archery target Let the render 
1 • l, / O riu/u/ m, ami (), I imagine two archary target* -owed together 
r,imm/" flonruh, and on the highert ami at thnir margins, with » runtnl Imle in the 
xpi.M’i points, 1/ (J. nut, | center of each, Thu seel ion of auoh a bag, 
planted, t.cc,a,.*eof|fiJ|e.l with paste, forms an oval nmspUele 
Twclsn h/ mil ini art* pli\i * 
ml long. At (J. 
xolusively cultivated. 
I. 
following Varieties 
t, ami 0, nr'v 
their power to resist 'low thermomchie 
ranges. 
This tree will grow in uny but vary damp 
•oil*. I lie soil best adapted In its ridtiwi- 
lion i. a still soil, though it i* stated that 
the beat oil is produced <m n moderately 
light soil. Tim trees are planted ah.mi •■*>. 
foot apart. Owing to theit slow g 
they am propagated by planting 
branches, or rooted suck 
Uni arc placed nittr alvovo tli 
other in the prosit. Slid tin* oil which run. 
out is the Am/* n tnnnyo — M cold-drawn '* 
oil. 'J'he i.itoiuI rpmlity o|l is f»tr#ob*d by 
re-pressing tho paste with bulling water, 
winch i. poured over the rparhie at the 
vo | press di Mc. uda. Tin* residue is thn/Wiiu '. 
(h, the inillor'a perquisite, wlncli rorttains about 
'mall I one third of the oil. Tin- roaldue i« treat.-.) 
the residue gradually deposit*, and the oil 
riwsa to the surface. FrrmenUli n is g«*t 
up in the deposit, and more oil is liberated. 
Finally the residue is dried and cut in 
lump* about a foot square, and used an fuel 
or manure. 
The miller prepare* two qualities of oil 
from hi* residues. That which results from 
the first pressing is named />/../. ./, r,. 
and that which result* from ferraeiitat'on in 
tin* reservoirs is called hiuU d'rnf»r. The 
iptanlity of virgin oil used by one hundred 
pou*'d» uf good quality berriea is about 
twelve pounds, and of rtarwu cul about four 
pounds. The mdla and prom-wes are very 
primitive, and American ingenui y could 
improve upon them. 
On the Mediterranean the 
p crop ta 
uncertain one, owing to late spring frosts 
and dry seasons. The rule is. in average 
periods, for one year to give nu rmp« at all, 
the next a limited crop, and tin* third a full 
one, followed by the cycle of three again. 
On the continent the oh re is subject to two 
diseases. The UphritU »/■'<->r deposit* it* 
eggs in the berry in the early stasis of its 
grow tit, resulting in the destruction uf the 
fruit attacked. A fungus, i/irrmi'imn avm>. 
n/iyUiiM, attacks tho loaves am) bulls, and 
the trees look as though they were covered 
with fine soot. Hut the fungoid disrate is 
principally mat with in damp localities and 
trt confined valley*. Owing to the fact that 
a large portion of tin* oil rspoiled from the 
Meihtcrnu rail consist* of o-tton si-ed oil, 
nc i# being destroyed by the phyll¬ 
oxera in a Urge portiou of the Ifitiera, the 
iratlg* aud lemon cannot Ih> succea*fully 
grown, atid it would appear that a large 
number of the residents of that country 
ill be I'ompalled to in.migrate. Owing to 
' 
sumption at the lo aUh r.-s .its and the Urge 
eilles, olive tree* are being annually de¬ 
stroyed to meat the demand 
We very readily 
■tilers, but the appre 
strong enough to mat 
when we begin to g 
about them. 
Qlia feels i 
appr. 
.. . . - ---- ...__ . . - .mmphmentcd if you tv 
... , , which spring; with hot water in tlm preas; the oil and that he l.«* a heat t ol cok, hut if v. 
up around the trunk o t an adult tree. The ; water i* run Into a trough, agiut. .1 t.y a ! the *>mi»# Mill further, and tell him t 
stock thus obtained t* generally gralted in waWrwhocl. and thru into a s.-rtvs ..fli-.- » »■• Irn l»-« I ul. I,.- apt 
M..y Will, the particular variety which lh« a.tu W « atom, resetvoira, as. h |„wer than tho 1 that nm ar, , «, v ...g lb. ke « lilt 
gruwur wihlica to cultivate. Itaiaad m this| other, *n that but tin* uirf.ee wat. r cat.! far. 
