SEMI- TROPIC CALIFORNIA. 
gntoraologg. 
THE PHYLLOXERA OR GRAPEVTSE LOUSE, 
nr Etioiunt w. f 111,1 .*r n, mor. or 
Tbe i 
pistil loo 
W» art* n 
M< Phylloxera,! meaning leaf 
m originally p< vi*i* to a kind «• 
which infests thii lvotofrMii oak. 
sixteen 
of which only one, the Ph tsndufi'Lr, 
of PUnchon, affects the intm*«ts of imm. 
It was first otswrvnd in Am erica in lH'di, 
l»V A KB Filch, of No» t <.rk, mi the leave* 
of native vinos, ami h) him imnieo Pnuplt- 
tyun tii/t/'nitii. » * * 
Tim Root Rot or u fV./mVAV " of i hi* 
vinca, first mentions) as existing in France 
about the yearn l&Oft—(J, wasshuw to lie tine 
to wingless lice, in ISfifi, by Planchon. 
Hilt the identity of these root lice with 
those inhabiting the leaf-galls of certain 
native American vines, was for nr.iinc lime 
not oven suspeoted. After attention had 
been called to their close resemblance, and 
to the fact that tlm Leaf lJail f^iusc do-1 
mended to the root in winter, atli'iiipu 
were made, both in this country and in 
Kuropo, tu transplant root In.m to the 
leaves, many of which were UMUIeewful in 
consequence nf the failure of observers to 
"•■loot suitable varielins uf vines. Finally, 
in 1H70-F*, Riley conclusively proved the 
identity of the two trpe*, by effeeiing the 
change of habit eitiler way, on vines pn.| 
* 'li selected. He also showed that tin- all] 
but universal failure o( I In; Kurnpeiui vines, 
a* well as that of certain delicate native 
varieties in tbc Mississippi Valley, nhaci v.-<( 
long since, was due to the attacks of the 
Rout Louse. 
the leaf with numerous fleshy swellings, 
irregular shape, and often partially o( 
reddish lint. In them we find a wingles- 
female louse, one twenty-fifth of an inch 
long. 
*1 wlfll t 
When the gall is filled with from two 
hundred to five hundred eggs, the mother 
e. louse dies. The eggs 
t-i hatch in from six to eight 
V days Irll ° unlive little 
\ ( , lame, at oval form,which 
\*\ ftu "" lt,Hve l,le B “ 1 ** K” 
"* * to the upper surface (it 
hv 
biui 
i beg 
IWMBOTIQl ( 
In tuoat respect* tlm Phylloxera rcsern- 
bbs tb>- common plant lire. (.!/*/,#• > the 
mam difference being that its wm K s be flat, 
and overlap on tie. bnok, instead of being 
erected mof-fashion, and tI imT tint three* 
jointed antenna have the terminal joint 
much the longest. All am tpiita aval I. the 
perfect winged form of die Vilm Louse 
l.emg about one-1weiiiielh of an in. I, 
length. Its peculiai feature is the great 
variety of forms which it is capable of 
assuming under different circuiusts.mim. 
Among them we di.lmguiali two .bid 
types, vi*.: ilie leal inhabiting one, or (jail 
Louse, and th* runt inhabiting, or Hoot 
Tim trail Louse habitually the 
leave*, of certain native grapes in t|„. 
L«.Un. Stales especially those of the 
K.verb.de and prwl drape (1.7,. r , 
and to) U coven the aurfac.- of 
f ftHBOttuoM a* H JUtv-tf,,,., 
vgm to 
flow ii surrounds 
the louse above, 
gradually diming 
in, fin suitable 
vines the gall 
forms in a few 
day*, and t h is 
grown Inline be¬ 
gins tu deposit 
eggs, fills the gall, n 
and die*. The young 
tlm leaves, but also col 
and over, tbc tendrils, with 
downy voting leaves, and 
insert their suckers. The 
t ,n latter eonaiat of Wire 
line threads, surrounded 
d hairy shwtlh. The leaves 
below, while a reddish 
Fig. 
lire not only attack 
the tender shoots, 
1 I lings, 
K ROOT I.Ol'HK, 
*■ Tholifo hifikry 
y Of ilm root inliub- 
jj,.,muoh ifiorii eou,. 
V l ,,c * ihan i bat of 
k the tiall Louse. 
Tlm n e w | 
hatehei I lan in i 
u,,.. either ait- alik. 
*'*»■ a. 
i 
„.«cvV*B 
,,,, , a-AUolt 
lhose of tbs Root Louse soon 
tubercles over their surface; these, how¬ 
ever, arc irregular, only skin deep, and 
tig. n. sometimes absent. As 
the devtdoptnent pro¬ 
gresses, two forms begin 
to differentiate them¬ 
selves. One Is of a 
somewhat pointed egg 
or near-shape, and re¬ 
sembles the wingless 
ffall Loose; Uib other 
of an oval form. 
\f The former is the 
taistu.wu mother Root Louse; it 
remains on tint root through life, sucking 
its juicoa, locating iiself and its colonies by 
preference in crevices, creases, etc, At 
maturity, without sexual impregnation, 
each lays upwards of two hundred and fifty 
«ggs, which, tin hatching, again rapidly go 
through the sumo found of life, 
THU WtWUKIl KOIIM.. 
The mvrI form of the Rout Louse larva* 
is destined to become winged. 
i the time it has achieved one-third 
of its growth, the wing Fig. i. 
pads, or rudimentary 
'ings, are visible. The * 
ndivuluals are more n 
w than those of the 
wingless form, and are 
often seen crawling 
about; finally, in July 
and August they shod 
heir last skin and take 
w»lig. All are females; 
supposed male form, 
with shorter abdomen, 
pK»vi . to be merely a 
Mgren female. 
Th.- eggs are of two 
Mud-- the larger, about 
SffQlhs of an inch in 
lofig'h, are of the female 
the others, about "" inn*'ilu.iimt', 
fifths smaller, hatch into males; the 
lini*> required being about a fortnight. 
1 11 . sexual individuals thus produced are 
agum wingless; more than that, they are 
dirtitute of sucker, mouth, or alimentary 
canal being evidently 
destined exclusively 
for the reproduction 
of their species. They 
are unite active and 
! couple freely. 
| Theso hcxuhI fe¬ 
males lay but one 
•nngle. egg apiece. 
This Solitary egg, 
which is destined to 
hibernate, ami liatoli 
in spring, produces 
again the ordinary 
mother Root Louse, 
whiofi lays several 
hundred egg*, and is 
capable of repeating 
itwll without hi-xiih) 
•n(Msii-i ''Iipregnation, for five 
t * 1 ' *'* generations. 
.in . .i U ' " P " m ** though tlm pro- 
dootiou of the winged form at intervals 
were ntoenrj. .he ,i g „, , h „ <|JTOi „,, 
rig. v 
Bo far 
