SEMI- TROPIC CA LI FORM I A. 
(Witte Culftittf. 
HOW AND WHEN TO PLANT, 
The tnimeroi 
. rent p* 
ijuinc" ri’icWi I l ’ rmn j ||(o ,| m , oflv . ]„ t( 1K following spring. 
- crj purl of the onun- whef , the^vaund w warm and sufficiently 
dry, *H «prout* excepting the one to be pre¬ 
served should bn carefully removed, cutting 
them olf ulnae to the rutting. The top end 
of the cutting should also be removed liv 
the aid of a sharp mmv. A pout should be 
firmly planted, »n that the tre® can be well 
'Cured, to keep tfio trunk straight mid 
'of the top affects the growth of the roots, 
jit would be advisable, however, where 
there are two or more vigorous shoots of 
about the same him* anil height from the 
same cutting, to pinch the tops of all ex¬ 
cepting the one to he left for the future 
I tree, so a* to throw mom force and rigor 
try concerning the olive trer; the growth, 
cure, propagation, period of fruit bearing, 
oil making and pickling, the financial pros¬ 
pect, etc,, induces me to make use of y*nir 
paper as a mean* of answering the inquir 
ias. I propose, in a series nl artittlss, to 
give nil the knowledge I possess, based 
T" “I"" 1 '' ** 11 .void ftuv tfnorbM,,. ot III. ul 
!*rrf. i.r Tr i" c . , i >*»•» w i™ „„■« ,i„. i. r..,,, 
great deal of time will be saved and better 
trees secured. The Literal branches alum Id 
be allow® l to grow until the tree is two nr 
three years old; hut in every case when anv 
of said bra riche* nr® rapidly milking wood, 
they should be removed, and nut be allowed 
to rob the trunk. 
In the pruning during the first years, ,MM 
have only the one ohjoot in view—that is, 
in force all th« woody growth into one 
main trunk. This being done, the tree will 
naturally fum a beautiful shape. The cul¬ 
tivator must not look at the tree of to-day 
jei t—“propagali m 
The common and preferred method is t 
plant the cutting*, taken Irom growing 
trees of sound wood, from three-quarters 
of an inch in diameter to one and a half 
inches, and from fourteen til sixteen inches 
long. These cutting* should be taken from 
thr tree* during the months of December 
and January, neatly trimnipd without bruis¬ 
ing, and carefully trenched in loose, sandy 
soil, n shady place preferred. Thrv should 
be planted in permanent aiies from Fsbru- 
ary SOtli to March SOlh, depending upon 
tbe season, Tho ground should he well 
prepared, and Buffiinmitly dry so that there 
is no mud and the weather warm In Santa 
Barbara, near the coast, nu irrigate 
fwloittulcgg. 
THE CODLING OR APFLE NOTH. 
The followingextraets are from a valuable 
work entitled n Insects injurious) to Fruit 
and Fruit Trees,” by Matthew Cooke, Chief 
Executive Horticultural Officer of the Slate 
-if California: 
It is not necessary for our purpose to de¬ 
tail thfi mniHiot of damage done the apple, 
pear and quince crop of central California 
since It'Ll, by the inseut pest known ns 
tlm Coi/iin or Aj>ph Moth (the parent, of 
the apple worm), as unfortunately it is too 
well known. 
riltsT arfKMMscK or tjik xtfiTiI. 
The moth generally appear* from April 
■bull ro the I.ltli of May; n Tew in favorable 
locations by April 1.1th. The time at which 
the eggs arrive at maturity apparently 
coincides with the end or termination of 
tho pupa or chrysalis state, so that tho 
vexes are ready to unite soon after trans¬ 
formation. 
Th® moths produced by the hibernating 
larv.r deposit their eggs in the blossom cud 
(or calyx) of the fruit, generally; possibly 
because they cannot puncture the epidermis 
necessary; but very frequent .iirritig of *? a * u ' □ | ose cultivate 
the top soil w„l a hoc nr iron -akc fur » i^ 8 »* Un, f 1 d 1 at lh ° 
considerable ihatanec around the rutting* ree well kept, will in ten 
is neccMary during the spring and 
About three-fourth* nf nil that arc well 
plautnd will grow. My plan is In set them 
iwe uly feet apart each way, and place them 
"i the ground, butt end down, and at an un 
cl- of about forty*five dcgiers, II,r top to 
the north, bandy covered. Mark the place 
| » "‘“ke. By planting them obliquely, 
tt,c bottom end will he from ten inches to 
""e font below the surface. l n Europe the 
tro, . are planted from 5*7 to S3 feet opart 
My reasons for closer planting will he given 
in a subsequent article. 
All tree*, ax a rule, should he propagated 
from seeds, The roots arc more symmetrical, 
the trees not so liable* to he llowi, over, 
and il„ growth more healthful; but 1 have 
not been mournful in germinating them; 
hence, I recommend the cutting. If the 
trem are propagated from seeds, budding 
or grafting is unnecessary. I have men the 
stat.-ment that i, w H , W*„ary that tlm 
»c. Is should pass through the stomach of 
birds before thev could In 
that by 
! Clued. 1 ha' 
er expenm, 
to morrow, but the tree of ten year’s j (,>r ol j the young fruit. Later brood* 
hence. All branches to the bright of five deposit their eggs on any part of the fruit. 
The egg* are attached to the fruit by a 
pasty substance. At the time the egg is 
.. deposited the skin of the fruit is punctured, 
r .years touch 1,1 "king oaey entrance for the young larva. 
each other. When this condition is reached ** rare to find more than one egg mi anv 
' kl11 httin fullliiiiring,and Thereforef s PP ,e > P®” ® r qiiinc^nr more '-p. .ne 
w ill require constant pruning nr cutting M arva ' The larva is batched in from seven 
K a „L 1 * !• .., U( ,beasier and less exponsiie 1° 1< * U ftl jd begins to eat eagerly and 
(n liie ami a half feet should br removed, 
as to admit of dose cultivation by horses. 
distance of twenty 
; Mine 
hack. It _ J _____ _____ 
to gather the fruit from snmll trees; besides, 
if the pruning is intelligently done, it will 
improve the fruit nml secure a greater 
quantity to the acre than can be produced 
under any other conditions. 
Some, orchards in Europe are planted 
•'threes;*’ that is three trees in each place, 
planted in Ihn form of 8 triangle, and three 
or four feet apart- This method would re- 
quire the rows Ui bo thirty three to thirty, 
tiic feet distant, ami would give about til® 
aame number of trees to I he acre ns by 
p anting at twenty fc*t, olie troe jn VAQ 1 
place. It ia claimed that by planting 
t,,ls w 7 "<* Making i8 required, 1 the traea 
R r . U . te ?:.. ,1 F . une a,,otll, ' r f«*in the most v io- 
l be- trimming is simpli- 
' , ' k “ quired in the 
I ki 
cultii alien. 
e and Inbo 
(Tn hi wnUnut-d) 
mil 0 f , 
« n»w 
iccopt the r . ' dealer*,have mamif«elur*d 1 . 1,000 
... nior® ur It,a ,|i*, r o.t. | l \r' pipe ranging tu dkiucle, 
,,R * CB u be obt * in ed from any ' J ' ir , to inches, for N. ('. 
iLriiJ " ° IC,,ar ' 1 * iu Houtbero U* r i°« ,,< ! b ! U f C,J f ° r ' ,ri, ’b ri, ‘« the water 
tounliis. Ire im bantu Anita cafioo to the Sierra Madre 
rums i no. Tract 
«boou or sprouts, all of wliiclf ahou'ld^W I . 1 ’ er “ vii *' 1 is a tonic which 
*"* tL ' f,r "' y “ ,; ■"* -a-H—lkJsSrc liLi'/a m,i * ri ‘ 
burrow towanla the tuirpel/ro'y o 
core containing the seeds. 
CRORAUI.K RAT* OV INCKB.VAR UK TIIKSB 
lroTiia. 
Kritomologista claim that of the lepidop- 
tcruu» insects, including butterflies and 
moth*, nearly one thousand kinds nr® 
known in the l nited State*. That each 
female lay* irorn two hundred to five hun- 
dn.l eggs. Taking two hundred as the 
lowest nu in her. twelve female moths iu one 
ti hard would produce two thousand four 
hundred caterpillars; if om-half these were 
females, they would produce two hundred 
and flirty thousand In proportion, tlm 
'hud generation would rea.I. twenty-four 
"IIIhams supposing that no untiro. lv deaths 
took place. 
Most of tlm hooka on tins subject apeak 
'*.**'. n "J”**' Ku't'R through but 
it ion in a year. T l.is may be iruu 
• vllinalv* nml shorter loaaons than 
", but in pun*, nl our favored State theie 
riu question that lWo or three generations 
liroods are eoinruon. From Demons) ob¬ 
servation, uo know that the rule for the 
Nu'raniento Valley i* three broods ea.-li 
tr, 1 his year (IHHi), on account of the 
i / ®l’l'‘‘ arano '7 jf ,l "' ti,Nt mo,l,R i wo shall 
probably have four broods. These facta 
tx l’l“"! 111,1 ' ttceptioiial importance of this 
inxeet m ( 'ulifornia, 
if the 
me gel 
