observations on fish scales. 
173 
Jugulares, of which the scales are known to me, agree so closely in scale characters must indicate that, 
degenerate as they are, these scales really represent an ancient type, less modified than other characters 
of the fishes on which they occur. 
Suborder Anacanthini. Gadoid fishes. 
I have discussed this series at some length in Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 
volume xxiv, pages 211-212. I now offer some figures. 
GAD IDAS. Cods. 
Since the account cited above was printed I have examined scales of the European burbot, Lota 
lota (Linnaeus), from the Danube (M. C. Z. 12366), and the American burbot, L. maculosa (Le Sueur), from 
Fig. 50.— Brostnius brosme (Gadidae). Sculptural details, submarginal region. Bureau of Fisheries. Smaller figure shows 
sculpture of a latinucleate scale near middle. 
Erie, Pa. (Bureau of Fisheries). This genus, typical of the subfamily Lotinae, has extremely minute 
circular to suboval scales, with nucleus central or almost; coarse, widely separated circuli, and no radii. 
It is, however, to be noted that the circuli are crenate or denticulate on the inner margin, a relic of the 
Fig. 51.— Melanogrammus aeglepinus (Gadi- 
dse). Details of sculpture, submarginal 
region. Bureau of Fisheries. 
Fig. $2.—C<Blorhynchus caribbceus, and spine of Macrurus bairdit (Macruri- 
dse). U. S. National Museum. 
condition so well marked in Brosmius. I am quite unable to find any difference between the scales of 
the European and American species. 
A scale of Urophysis regius is figured on plate XL (fig. 51.) 
MACRURIDAS. Grenadiers. (PI. XL, fig. 48.) 
Dr. S. Garman (Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. xxiv) has figured the scales of a number of species of 
Macrurus, namely M. barbiger Garman, M. bulbiceps Garman, M. bucephalus Garman, M. liraticeps 
