OBSERVATIONS ON FISH SCALES. 
135 
C. reba seems to stand apart from the others. Day says of C. latia, “this fish has much the character 
of a loach or of a Discognathus , adhering to stones in the beds of rivers.” Superficially the scales 
of C. reba look like those of Rohita lineata, but they are very different in detail, having a different 
apical field and the nucleus very much more basad than in Rohita. 
Cutter. This genus has rather small (about 4 mm. diameter) circular scales, with a central nucleus, 
rather few and weak apical radii, and no basal. The basal circuli are very dense. I have two 
species from the British Museum; C. ilishceformis from Kiu Kiang (Styan) and C. erythropterus 
Basilewsky from the River Keroulen, Mongolia (Chaffanjon). They are very much alike, but in 
erythropterus the apical radii are more distinct, and the apical margin is crenate. (PI. xxxiv, 
fig. 14.) 
Cyprinus Linnaeus, carp. Zool. Anzeiger, xxxvi, p. 480, fig. 2 (p. 478). The figure represents the 
hybrid C. kollarii. 
Dangila Cuvier & Valenciennes. From the British Museum I have the scales of three species: 
Scales large, much longer than broad (length 16 mm., breadth 10); strongly orange-tinted; parallel¬ 
sided; nucleus far basad; weak radii all around; middle apical region strongly tuberculate (in 
a deep place in the cavery, Salem, Capt. Mitchell). D. leschenaultii 
Scales much smaller, not longer than broad; not orange-tinted.2 
1. Apical field distinctly tuberculate; scale about 5 mm. long and broad. (Deli, Sumatra, Moesch.) 
D. kuhlii (cf. Zool. Anzeiger, xxxvi, p. 478, where for gobiiform read gobioniform.) 
Apical field merely striate; scale about 7 mm. long and broad (mouth of Patani River, Annandale 
& Robinson). D. cuvieri 
Danio Hamilton Buchanan. Type of subfamily Danioninse. Zool. Anzeiger, xxxviii, p. 85 , fig. 1 , 2 ; 
(D. devario and D. cequipinnatus.) 
Diptychus Steindachner. D. maculatus Steindachner from Nepaul (F. Day; B. M.) was examined, 
but no scales were found; the skin is very thickly beset with small spots of ferruginous pigment. 
According to Day, there are small scattered scales, which I evidently overlooked. 
Discognathus Heckel. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxiii, p. 149-150. The species described belong to the 
subgenus Garra Hamilton Buchanan. 
Engraulicypris Gunther. Neobola Vinciguerra is now regarded by Boulenger as a synonym. Proc. 
Biol. Soc. Wash., xxiii, p. 143 ( Neobola) and 144. 
Gnathopogon Bleeker. I have examined G. gracilis (Capoeta gracilis) from Superghan, Nalzow Chai 
River (R. T. Gunther; B. M.), and have given some account of it in Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxiii, 
p. 149. The scales are about 4mm. long and 3^ broad; nucleus well basad of middle; laterobasal 
comers prominent; basal radii irregular, few and very feeble- apical radii distinct, about 15, with 
strong tubercles between. 
Gobio Cuvier, gudgeon. Zool. Anzeiger, xxxvi, p. 477-478; Biol. Bulletin, xx, pi. v, fig. 27. 
Gymnocypris Gunther. I examined G. waddellii Regan (Yamdok Lake, Tibet, 14,800ft., L. A.Waddell; 
B. M.) but found no scales. The skin is sepia brown with darker, reddish dots. 
Hemibarbus Bleeker, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxiii, p. 146-147 (under Barbus). According to L. S. 
Berg, H. barbus or schlegeli is to be called H. labeo {Cyprinus labeo Pallas), with maculatus (Bleeker) 
as a variety. 
Hypophthalmichthys Bleeker. In Gunther’s Catalogue this is considered typical of a distinct section 
or subfamily, Hypophthalmichthyina, or as we should now say, Hypophthalmichthyinae. I 
examined H. nobilis from Shanghai (Swinhoe; B. M.), but by an unfortunate accident the scale 
was lost when in the hands of the photographer. 
Ischikauia Jordan & Snyder. Zool. Anzeiger, xxxviii, p. 86, fig. 3. 
Labeo Cuvier. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxiii, p. 150-151, pi. m, fig. 2 (L. fimbriatus), fig. 7 (L. sene- 
galensis) ; Biol. Bulletin, vol. xx, pi. I. fig. 8 (L. sladoni). 
Leptobarbus Bleeker. L. hoevenii (Tinjar River, 200 miles from the sea, C. Hose; B. M.) is a fish with 
terminal mouth, having very large quadrate scales, my specimen 18 mm. long and 14 broad. The 
basal radii, about 14, are very delicate and irregular; lateral radii more or less developed; apical 
radii about 33; circuli evanescent apically. (PL xxxiv, fig. 15.) 
