INTRODUCTION 
xliii 
wolves in Wyoming, Montana, and California. The coyote bounty 
law in California remained in force only four years, but actually cost 
the state $187,485, while the claims filed aggregated about $400,000. 1 
In the west bounties on birds are now paid only in Utah and Oregon, 
and in the latter state are restricted to cormorants and sheldrakes. 
Enforcement. — The enforcement of game laws depends largely on 
public sentiment. Although most of the western states have game 
wardens, the laws are not enforced as they should be. Better results 
are attained where local wardens are under the authority of a state 
officer or state board. Unfortunately the liberal appropriations neces¬ 
sary to meet the expenses incident to warden service are not often 
available, but game protection might be made almost self-support¬ 
ing if the money derived from licenses, fines, sale of contraband 
game, and similar sources, were all turned into a state game pro¬ 
tection fund instead of going into several different funds, no one of 
which is available for work of this kind. 
A potent influence in bird protection is the federal law popularly 
known as the Lacey Act, which went into effect on May 25, 1900. 
Under this act interstate commerce in birds killed in violation of 
local laws is prohibited, and through cooperation between federal 
and state authorities statutes which were formerly dead letters are 
now being enforced. The chief value of the law, however, lies in 
the interest in protection which it has aroused throughout the coun¬ 
try even among persons who formerly gave the subject no thought. 
Largely through its influence game protection is now being estab¬ 
lished on broader lines, rapid progress is being made in legislation, 
and the laws are better observed than ever before. 
LOCAL LISTS. 
LIST OF BIRDS IN THE VICINITY OF PORTLAND, OREGON. 
By A. W. Anthony. 
The country embraced in this list is about ten square miles in 
extent. The region between the city of Portland and the Columbia 
River perhaps furnishes most of the species, and is farming land 
diversified by forest land, brush patches, and low wet meadows, 
which in winter are ponds upon which are found all of our species 
1 See Palmer, “Extermination of Noxious Animals by Bounties,” Yearbook Dept. 
Agr. for 1896, pp. 65-68. „ 
