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INTRODUCTION 
of waterfowl. The high hills west of the city are less prolific. The 
heavy forest is cleared in places, offering homes for such species as 
white-crowned sparrows, j uncos, and wrens, while the woodpeckers 
and forest-loving species dwell in the undisturbed parts of the region, 
which is as wild as a hundred years ago. Here also is found the 
russet-backed thrush nesting in the thickets and deep ravines. 
Colymbus nigricollis californicus: Eared Grebe. — Rather common on the 
ponds 'along the Columbia. 
Podilymbus podiceps: Pied-billed Grebe. — Common with the eared grebe. 
Gavia imber: Loon. — Seen only as a migrant. 
Larus glaucescens: Glaucous-winged Gull. — Five species of gull are seen 
along the river during the winter, but the glaucous-winged is the com¬ 
monest. 
Larus argentatus : Herring Gull. 
Larus calif ornicus : California Gull. 
Larus delawarensis: Ring-billed Gull. 
Larus brachyrhynchus: Short-billed Gull (?). 
Phalacrocorax dilophus cincinatus: White-crested Cormorant. — In the 
winter a species is found on the river about Portland, which is probably 
the white-crested, but as no specimens have been taken I am in doubt 
about it. 
Merganser serrator: Red-breasted Merganser. — A common winter visitor. 
Lophodytes cucullatus: Hooded Merganser. — A winter visitant, less com¬ 
mon than the red-breasted. 
Anas boschas : Mallard. — Very common. 
Chaulelasmus streperus: Gadwall. — The gadwall and the baldpate are 
about equally common, but less so than most of the ducks found. 
Mareca americana : Baldpate. 
Spatula clypeata : Shoveller. — Common during fall and winter. 
Dafla acuta: Pintail. — Common during fall and winter. 
Aix sponsa: Wood Duck. — Common summer resident. A few winter 
about Portland. 
Aythya americana: Redhead. — Common in fall and winter. 
Aythya vallisneria: Canvas-back. — Common in fall and winter. 
Chen hyperborea: Lesser Snow Goose. — One or more species of snow 
geese are common. During mild winters all the ducks and geese are 
apt to winter about Portland, but a hard season drives them south. 
Anser albifrons gambeli: White-fronted Goose. — Common migrant. 
Branta canadensis minima: Cackling Goose. — Two or more races of 
canadensis are common, but the only species I have taken is the cack¬ 
ling goose. 
Olor columbianus: Whistling Swan. — Not uncommon migrant and winter 
resident. 
Ardea herodias : Great Blue Heron. — Common in summer; a few winter. 
Ardea virescens: Green Heron. — A few herons seen, probably of this 
species. 
Grus canadensis : Little Brown Crane. — Common fall migrant, but very 
rare in spring. 
Rallus virginianus: Virginia Rail. — Like the sora, more or less common, 
nesting in wet bottoms. 
Porzana Carolina : Sora. 
Fulica americana: Coot. — Not very abundant; nests. 
