96 
SNIPES, SANDPIPERS, ETC. 
GENUS TOTANUS. 
General Characters. — Bill longer than head, very slender; legs and 
toes long, slender, and yellow. Tarsus one and a half times as long as 
middle toe and claw. 
KEY TO SPECIES. 
1. Bill nearly as long as tarsus, grooved for less than half its length. 
melanoleucus, p. 96. 
1'. Bill much shorter than tarsus, grooved for more than half its length. 
flavipes, p. 97. 
Subgenus Glottis. 
254. Totanus melanoleucus ( Gmel. ). Greater Yellow-legs. 
Adults in summer. — Upper parts heavily mottled with black, gray, and 
white ; quills 'black ; upper tail 
coverts white, tail white barred 
with gray; under parts white, 
spotted on chest and barred on 
sides with black; throat gray, 
streaked with dusky. Adults in winter: upper parts dark gray, finely 
spotted with white ; under parts mainly white, with fine spotting of gray 
on chest and throat. Young: like adults in winter, but darker above and 
with huffy instead of white spotting. Length: 12.15-15.00, wing 7.50- 
7.75, hill 2.20-2.30, tarsus 2.50-2.75. 
Remarks. — In flight the whole tail and rump appear white, and are 
very conspicuous. 
Distribution. — Nearly the whole of America, breeding from Nebraska 
and northern Illinois northward, and wintering from southern California 
and the Gulf states southward to South America. 
Nest. — A slight depression in the ground lined with grass. Eggs : 3 
or 4, grayish or brownish buff, irregularly spotted with dark brown. Few 
nests have been recorded. 
Over most of the United States the greater yellow-legs are con¬ 
spicuous in spring and fall among the flocks of migrating snipes and 
sandpipers, not only about marshes and ponds, but on irrigated 
fields where silvery minnows have been washed over the land. As 
they walk about, the long bill and neck, slender gray body, and 
white breast are not markedly different from those of other sand¬ 
pipers around them, nor is there much that is individual in the dove- 
like motion of their heads and the occasional tilting of the tail; but 
when disturbed by your approach they rise in a close flock with 
their liquid tweep, tu-weep, and the white rump and tail, together with 
their large size, mark them unmistakably. Like others of their 
kind, unless too thoroughly alarmed they fly only a short distance 
before wheeling and circling back. As they wheel and circle the 
shifting whiteness of the flocks against the blue of the sky is enough 
to rouse one’s enthusiasm. As they get ready to alight they lean 
over and look down, set their wings, and then come to ground, rais¬ 
ing their wings gracefully over their backs for a moment after their 
Fig. 116. 
