FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC. 347 
flying up together with a twitter and a flash of their white outer 
tail feathers, or singing in concert a sunny, pleasing warble. 
In the breeding season the gray-headed junco may be found nest¬ 
ing on the cold crests of the desert ranges in Nevada and the Great 
Basin, the pink-sided in grassy parks in the pine forests of Mon¬ 
tana, and the Point Pinos at Monterey, where the fragrance of the 
pines is mingled with the distant roar of the Pacific. In their homes 
you find them more interesting than when in flocks, because they 
are now leading individual lives, but they are still the same trustful, 
gentle birds, ready to come into camp or to let you examine their 
nests. On Mt. Shasta and in the Sierra Nevada the Thurber junco 
nests in the fir forests and mountain meadows from an altitude of 
7000 to 8000 feet, frequently building near a brook under shelter of 
a broad-leafed hellebore. One nest found on Donner Peak was sunk 
in a bed of blooming heather. The brooding birds as a rule are very 
tame, though they sit around and tsip at you when you come near, 
and on rare occasions the mother will decoy. 
567a. J. h. oreganus (Towns.). Oregon Junco. 
Adult male. — Head, neck, and chest black or dark slaty, the black 
chest pattern outlined on the white of the under parts as a black convex; 
middle of back dark brown; sides deep pinkish brown ; three outer tail 
feathers with white, outside pair wholly white. Adult female: black of 
male replaced by slaty ; crown and hind neck washed with brown, and 
rest of upper parts brownish ; sides and flanks duller; bill in life pinkish, 
tipped with dusky, and iris dark brown or claret color. In winter: colors 
stronger, and feathers of chest tipped with whitish. Young: streaked, 
on brown above, buffy below. Male: length (skins) 5.50-6.07, wing 2.86- 
3.08, tail 2.43-2.69, bill .41-45. Female: length (skins) 5.17-5.79, wing 
2.78-2.86, tail 2.34-2.46, bill .41-.45. 
Remarks. — The subspecies of hyemalis are black-headed and chested 
instead of gray as in hyemalis , aikeni , and annectens, and the chest line is 
convex instead of straight across from wing to wing. Of the hyemalis 
subspecies oreganus is the darkest, the head, neck, and chest of the adult 
male being deep black and the back dark chestnut brown. 
Distribution. — Breeds on the Pacific coast from Alaska to British Co¬ 
lumbia ; winters south to California ; straggling to eastern Oregon and 
Nevada. 
567b. J. h. connectens Coues. Intermediate Junco. 
Similar to oreganus , but head and neck blackish slate instead of jet 
black, back dull brown and sides pinkish brown. Male: length (skins) 
5.55-6.20, wing 3.00-3.22, tail 2.62-2.84, bill .42-.46. Female: length 
(skins) 5.40-5.92, wing 2.82-3.08, tail 2.30-2.71, bill .41-.43. 
Distribution. — Breeds in the Rocky Mountain region from British Co¬ 
lumbia and Alberta to Washington and northern Oregon ; east probably to 
Montana and Idaho ; winters over the Rocky Mountain plateau to western 
Texas and northern Mexico ; straggling to California. 
567c. J. h. thurberi Anthony. Thurber Junco. 
Similar to oregunus , but wings and tail longer; head, throat, and breast 
