NUTHATCHES AND TITS 459 
740b. Parus hudsonicus columbianus Rhoads. Columbian 
Chicka dee. --— 
Top of head hair brown; back lighter brown; sides of head white; throat 
blackish ; flanks dark reddish brown; median under parts whitish. Wing: 
2.70, tail 2.64. 
Distribution. — Rocky Mountains from Liard River south to Montana. 
741. Parus rufescens Towns. Chestnut-backed Chickadee. 
Adults. — Throat blackish brown ; top of head and back of neck hair 
brown; superciliary black; back, sides, and flanks dark reddish brown; 
rest of under parts and sides of head white. Young: top of head, back of 
neck, and throat dark sooty brown; back dull chestnut, tinged with olive; 
sides ashy, partly washed with brown. Length: 4.50-5.00, wing 2.35-2.60, 
tail 2.09-2.30. 
Distribution. — From Alaska south to California, east to Idaho. 
Nest. — In stub, 12 to 40 feet from the ground, lined with cow hair, rab¬ 
bit fur, feathers, or moss. Eggs: white, unmarked or minutely spotted 
with reddish. 
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At Cape Disappointment, Washington, Mr. Kobbe found the 
chestnut-backed chickadees affecting preferably the more open 
woods along roads and trails. They were very common all the year 
around, especially during the rainy winters, when large flocks of 
them could be seen scrambling about on the branches of the drip¬ 
ping firs in search of insects. They were often found with Oregon 
chickadees and golden-crowned kinglets. Their call-note Mr. 
Kobbe gives as a lisping the-the-the-te-te. 
Mr. Walter Fisher found the birds very abundant on Mt. St. 
Helena in August and September. 
741a. P. r. neglectus Ridgw. California Chickadee. 
Similar to the chestnut-backed chickadee, but sides and flanks light 
grayish, only lightly tinged with brown. Wing : 2.30-2.60, tail 2.00-2.20. 
Distribution. — Coast of California, from Monterey northward. 
GENUS CHAMJEA. 
General Characters. — Plumage soft and loose; lores and gape bristled ; 
rounded wings much shorter than graduated tail; bill much shorter than 
head, stout; nostrils naked. 
KEY TO SPECIES. 
1. Under parts dark ruddy brown. Coast region of Oregon and California. 
phaea, p. 460. 
1'. Under parts light pinkish or yellowish brown. California, except north¬ 
west coast district.fasciata, p. 459. 
742. Chamsea fasciata Gamb. Pallid Wren-Tit. 1 
Upper parts gray, tinged with olive or brown on posterior part; tail 
1 Chornaia fasciata intermedia Grinnell. 
Back and upper tail coverts sepia; throat and breast cinnamon rufous. 
Distribution. —Type locality, Palo Alto, California. {The Condor , ii. 86.) 
