KEY TO FAMILIES OF LAND BIRDS 
111 
2 '. 
Fig. 152. 
3'. Hind claw shorter than its toe and curved; bill 
flat, wider than high, slightly hooked at tip. 
Tyrannidae : Flycatchers, p. 245. 
Back of tarsus sharp-edged. 
3. Primaries apparently only 9, the first being 
only a rudiment; bill not notched at tip. 
4. Outer primary twice as long as innermost. 
Hirundinidae : Swallows, p. 382. 
Fig. 153. 
4'. Outer primary not twice as long as inner¬ 
most. 
5. Bill slender and thin at base. 
Fig. 154. Fig. 155. 
6. Hind claw as long as or longer than 
its toe . . . . Motacillidae: 
Wagtails and Pipits, p. 431. 
6'. Hind claw shorter than its toe. 
Mniotiltidae: 
Wood Warblers, p. 401. 
Fig. 156. Fig. 157. 
5. Bill short and thick or long and thick 
at base. 
6. Bill notched at tip and with bristles 
at gape. 
Fig. 163. Fig . 164. 
7 Nostril concealed or overhung, 
or else cutting edge of lower 
mandible forming a distinct 
angle . . . Fringillidae: 
Finches, Sparrows, 
etc., p. 303. 
T . Nostril exposed, cutting edges of 
lower mandible without dis¬ 
tinct angle ; males with more or 
less red, females greenish and 
yellowish . . Tanagridae: 
Tanagers), p. 379. 
6 . Bill without notch at tip and with¬ 
out bristles at base. 
7. Bill wider than high at base; 
plumage greenish, speckled. 
Sturnidae: 
Starlings, p. 285. 
