FLYCATCHERS 
261 
5.80-6.25, wing 2.70-2.85, tail 2.35-2.60, bill .64-.73, bill from nostril .35- 
.40, width at base .27-.31, tarsus .65-.72. Female: length 5.55-6.00, wing 
2.55-2.65, tail 2.20-2.50. 
Remarks. — The wide bill, whitish under parts, and olive or olive brown 
— not greenish — upper parts are characteristic. 
Distribution. — Western North America from the Mississippi valley to 
the Pacific, and from the Mackenzie River valley south to Mexico. 
Nest. — In low shrubs or bushes near water, 1 to 6 feet from the ground, 
made of dry grasses, pine needles, shreds of bark, and plant fibers, lined 
with fibers, bark, grass tops, fern down, and horsehair. Eggs: 2 to 4, 
white or pinkish buff, marked with dots or blotches of brown, mostly 
about the larger end. 
Food. — Largely caterpillars, moths, ants, grasshoppers, and other 
harmful insects. 
The Traill flycatcher is said by Major Bendire to be especially fond 
of ‘ willow-covered islands, and the shrubbery along watercourses, 
beaver meadows, and the borders of the more open mountain 
parks,’ where it sometimes reaches an altitude of 8000 feet, espe¬ 
cially in Colorado, Utah, and California. Its note, given in the 
breeding season, is described by Professor Cooke as a shrill hurried 
‘ pree-pe-deer,’ characteristic of the energetic, aggressive disposition 
of the bird. In hunting, Mr. Ridgway says, it never stays long in 
one place, but moves from perch to perch, snapping up insects as it 
flies. 
466a. E. t. alnorum Brewst. Alder Flycatcher. 
Similar to Traill flycatcher, but averaging more olivaceous above and 
more yellow below, the bill shorter and broader and tarsus shorter. Male: 
wing 2.60-3.00, tail 2.40-2.60, bill .60- 64, bill from nostril .32-37, width 
at base .29-.30, tarsus .64-.67. Female : wing 2.50-2.65, tail 2.25-2.35. 
Distribution. — Breeds in Canadian zone in eastern North America from 
New England west to western Nebraska ; migrates to Central America. 
Nest and eggs. — Like those of the Traill flycatcher. 
467. Empidonax minimus Baird. Least Flycatcher. 
Width of bill at nostril decidedly greater than half the length of ex¬ 
posed culmen; tail slightly emarginate. Adults : upper parts dark olive ; 
wing bars whitish; throat whitish ; chest washed with gray; belly faintly 
tinged with pale yellowish. Young : like adults but more olive, and wing 
bars brown. Male: length 4.90—5.50, wing 2.30—2.60, tail 2.10—2.40, bill 
.53-59, bill from nostril .27-31, width at base .23-27, tarsus .59-.6S. 
Female: wing2.20-2.40, tail 2.10-2.25. . 
Distribution. — Breeds in Transition and Boreal zones in eastern North 
America from about latitude 63° south to the northern United States; 
and from the Atlantic west to eastern Colorado and Montana (casually 
to Utah); migrates to Central America and Panama. 
Nest. — Compactly made of shreds of bark, plant fibers, dry grasses, 
weeds, cocoons, and down, placed usually in bushes or trees in an upright 
fork from 8 to 25 feet from the ground. Eggs: 3 to 6, white, unspotted. 
Food. — Insects. 
The che-beck' of the friendly little flycatcher, heard from choke- 
