STARLINGS —BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, ETC. 285 
FAMILY STURNIDJE: STARLINGS. 
GENUS STURNUS. 
[493.] Sturnus vulgaris Linn. Starling. 
Primaries ten, but first quill minute ; bill straight, nasal feathers erect or 
inclined backward ; nostrils with conspicuous nasal scale. Adults in sum¬ 
mer : glossy greenish or purplish black, speckled with buffy brown and 
whitish; wing and tail feathers largely edged with brownish buff; bill 
yellow. Adults in winter: upper parts light brown; under parts whitish, 
spotting often so conspicuous as to obscure the underlying green and 
purple. Length: 7.50-8.50, wing 5.00-5.10, tail 2.60-2.90, bill .95-1.00. 
Distribution. — Europe and Asia; accidental in Greenland. Introduced 
about New York city and in the vicinity of Portland, Oregon. 
Nest. — In holes in trees or about buildings. Eggs: 4 to 7, pale green¬ 
ish blue or bluish white. 
FAMILY ICTERIDJE: BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, ETC. 
KEY TO GENERA. 
1. Bill short and conical. 
2. Tail feathers stiff and pointed. 
Dolichonyx, p. 286. 
Fig. 350. 2'. Tail feathers normal. Fi &- 35 1 - 
3. Four outer primaries cut out . . Callothrus, p. 288. 
3'. Primaries normal. Molothrus, p. 287. 
Fig. 352. 
1'. Bill not short and conical. 
2. Tail feathers stiff and pointed. 
Sturnella, p. 292. 
2'. Tail feathers not stiff and pointed. 
3. Tail graduated and folded laterally. 
Quiscalus, p. 301. 
Fig. 353. 
Fig. 354. 
O 
3'. Tail mainly even, not folded laterally. 
Fig. 355. 
4. Feet weak, for perching. Icterus, p. 293. 
4'. Feet strong, for walking. 
5. Claws of side toes reaching beyond middle toe; 
males in summer black with yellow heads. 
Xanthocephalus, p. 288. ^ 
