BACTERIOLOGY IN A NUTSHELL. 
The Circulat¬ 
ory and 
Respiratory 
Systems. 
The Skin. 
The Muscular 
System. 
The Urine. 
Excretion of 
Germs. 
Common 
Methods of 
Communication. 
times constipation may exist. 
There are disturbances, too, of the circulatory 
and respiratory systems. The heart beats more 
rapidly and there is a corresponding increase in 
the pulse rate. There are characteristic changes 
in the respiration, also, very often. 
Changes in the skin are apparent, and it is 
usually found to be hot and dry during the height 
of the fever. 
The changes in the muscular system are shown 
by their thin, flabby condition, which is especially 
noticeable if the disease runs a prolonged course. 
Changes are observed in the urine owing to an 
increase of the solids contained therein. It is 
highly colored and diminished in quantity 
usually. 
The germs of typhoid fever are thrown off in 
the evacuations from the bowels, in the urine, in 
vomited matter and are sometimes found in the 
sputum and sordes (foul substance which col¬ 
lects on the teeth and gums of fever patients). 
Flies are said to distribute the infection. The 
common method of communication is through 
contaminated drinking water and food supplies. 
Milk has been found to contain the germs and 
they are said to multiply rapidly therein. *Milk 
may be contaminated (i), because the cows are 
*In the best dairies and creameries now-a-days the 
milk is Pasteurized in sterile receptacles. Water used to 
wash the butter is boiled in covered apparatus, and then 
cooled to the proper temperature in specially constructed 
refrigerators. Special care is taken to sterilize all cans, 
pails, etc., used for the milk and butter. The cows are 
kept clean, and the milkers’ hands and clothing also, 
both in milking and in handling the milk afterwards. 
Butter made in these dairies and creameries, accord¬ 
ing to agricultural journals, keeps months longer than 
when made and taken care of in the old fashioned way. 
44 
