174 Foliation and Sedimentation — Lawson. 
This is by no means a logical inference, even if the premise 
were altogether sound, as it is not. It very commonly happens 
in conglomerates which have been subjected to pressure, that 
the enclosed pebbles or boulders, being much harder or more 
resistant than the matrix, do not yield while the matrix be¬ 
comes intensely sheared and schistose, and even flows around 
the pebbles leaving a triangular space, often filled with infil¬ 
trated quartz, in the lee or wake of the pebble. Thus pebbles 
are arranged with their long axes approximately parallel to the 
planes of schistosity, without reference to any foliated structure 
that may exist in them; except in so far that the foliated struct¬ 
ure is usually a factor in determining the position of the long 
axes. The pebbles (none of them gneiss to my own knowledge) 
existed as such in the conglomerates of the Keewatin, at a time 
when the Laurentian granite gneiss below was in a magmatic 
condition. The “schistic bedding” did not altogether control 
the foliation of the gneiss. The confines of the areas of schists 
are usually parallel to the cleavage of the schists; and it is only 
where such cleavage confines ha\e determined a plane of flow in 
the crystallizing magma that the foliation of the gneiss is 
parallel to the cleavage of the schists. This is the common 
case. But frequently the schists have been shattered and then 
the foliation of the gneiss is as often as not transverse to the 
cleavage of the schists. 
8. Prof. W. says : “ The foliation of the gneisses diminishes 
as the distance from the schists increases.” I find the reverse 
to be very distinctly the case in the northern portion of the 
Rainy Lake region, where abroad zone of rudely foliated syenitic 
gneiss very constantly intervenes between the base of the Kee¬ 
watin series and the more evenly foliated biotite gneisses; so that 
no such general rule as the above can be laid down; and Prof. 
W’s. inference as to the foliation being inversely as the amount 
of alteration, together with the various corallaries in the same 
paragraph, have again only an imaginary not a logical con¬ 
nection with the facts. 
9. Prof. W. says : “The adj ustment of planes of foliation to 
foreign fragments as seen in the wrappings of their folia about 
masses of schist reveals the tendency of the foliation to assume 
relations to external material conditions.” 
This is a very good answer to the objection in paragraph two 
