THE ALIMENTARY CANAL. 
85 
The gizzard is most highly developed, and of a deep-red 
color, in the Seratchers and flat-billed Swimmers (as Fowls 
and Swans); but comparatively thin and feeble in Birds 
of Prey (as the Eagle). 
The gizzard is follow¬ 
ed by the intestines, 
which are longer than 
those of Reptiles: the 
small intestine begins 
with a loop (the duo¬ 
denum), and is folded 
several times upon it¬ 
self ; the large intestine 
is short and straight, 
terminating in the sole 
outlet of the body, the 
cloaca. A liver and 
pancreas are always 
attached to the upper 
part of the small in¬ 
testine. 
The alimentary ca¬ 
nal in Mammals is 
clearly separated into 
four distinct cavities: 
the pharynx, or throat; 
the oesophagus, or gul¬ 
let ; the stomach; and 
the intestines. 
The pharynx is more Fig. 50. —Digestive Apparatus of the Fowl: 1 , 
A j . tongue; 2, pharynx; 3, 5, oesophagus; 4, crop; 
Complicated than in 6, proventriculus; 7, gizzard; 8,9,10, duodenum ; 
11,12, small intestine; 13, two caeca (analogue of 
the colon of mammals); 14, their insertion into 
the intestinal tube; 15, rectum; 16, cloaca; 17, 
anus; 18, mesentery; 19, 20, left and right lobes 
of liver; 21, gall-bladder; 22, insertion of pan- 
creatic and biliary ducts; 23, pancreas; 24, lung; 
ing into it: two from 25, ovary; 26, oviduct. 
Birds. It is a funnel- 
shaped bag, having 
seven openings lead- 
