150 
COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
Fig. 115.—Skeleton of the Tortoise (plastron removed): a , cervical vertebrae; c, dor¬ 
sal vertebrae; d, ribs; e, marginal bones of the carapace; l, scapula; k, precora¬ 
coid ; b, coracoid ; /, pelvis; i , femur; g, tibia ; h, fibula. 
Fig. 116.—Skeleton of a Vulture: 1, cranium—the parts of which are separable only 
in the chick; 2, cervical vertebrae; 3, dorsal; 4, coccygeal, or caudal; the lumbar 
and sacral are consolidated; 5, ribs; 6, sternum, or breast-bone, extraordinarily 
developed; T, furculum, clavicle, or “wish-bone;” 8, coracoid; 9, scapula; 10, 
humerus; 11, ulna, with rudimentary radius; 12, metacarpals; 13, phalanges of 
the great digit of the wing; 19, thumb; 14, pelvis; 15, femur; 16, tibia-tarsus and 
fibula, or crus; 17, tarso-metatarsus; 18, internal digit, or toe, formed of three 
phalanges; the middle toe has four phalanges ; the outer, five; and the back toe, 
or thumb, two. 
