292 
COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
sands in the winged Insects). 
They are never placed on 
movable stalks, as the 
Lobster’s. Besides 
these, there are three 
simple eyes, called 
. ocelli. The mouth 
may be fitted for bit¬ 
ing {masticatory), as 
in Beetles, or for suck¬ 
ing ( suctorial ), as in 
Butterflies. The mas¬ 
ticatory type, which 
is the more complete, 
and of which the other 
ll*"^ is but a modification, 
consists of four horny 
jaws {mandibles and 
maxillae) and an up¬ 
per and an under lip 
(labrum and labium). 
Sensitive palpi ( max¬ 
illary and labial) are 
developed from the 
lower jaw and lower 
lip. The labium is 
also prolonged into a 
ligula , or tongue. 
The legs are invari¬ 
ably six in the adult, 
the fore-legs direct¬ 
ed forward and the 
hinder pairs back¬ 
ward. Each consists 
of a hip, thigh, shank, 
Some larvas have also “ false legs,” without 
262 —Under surface of a Beetle (Harpalm cali- 
<jino8U8 ): a, ligula; b , paraglossse; c, supports of 
labial palpi; d, labial palpus; e, mentum; /, in¬ 
ner lobe of maxilla; g, outer lobe; h, maxillary 
palpus; i, mandible; k, buccal opening; l, gula, 
or throat: m, buccal sutures; n, gular suture; o, 
prosternum; p, episternum of prothorax ; p’, epi- 
meron ; q , q’, q", coxse; r, r, r, trochanters; 8, 
s', 8", femora, or thighs; t, t', t", tibee; v, ventral 
abdominal segments; w, episternaofmesothorax; 
mesosternum; y, episterna of metathorax; y\ 
epimeron; z, metasternum. 
and foot. ,M 
