390 
NOTES. 
Beetles, grubs ; those of Flies, maggots ; those of Mosquitoes, wigglers. The 
terms larva , pupa y and imago are relative only; for, while the grub and cat¬ 
erpillar are quite different from the pupa, the bee-state is reached by a very 
gradual change of form, so that it is difficult to say where the pupa ends 
and the imago begins. In fact, a large number of Insects reach maturity 
through an indefinite number of slight changes. The Humble-bee moults at 
least ten times before arriving at the winged state. 
118 Every tissue of the larva disappears before the development of the new 
tissues of the imago is commenced. The organs do not change from one 
into the other, but the new set is developed out of formless matter. The 
pupa of the Moth is protected by a silken cocoon, the spinning of which was 
the last act of the larva; that of the Butterfly is simply enclosed in the dried 
skin of the larva, which is called chrysalis because of its golden spots. The 
pupa of the Honey-bee is called nymph ; it is kept in a wax-cell lined with 
silk, spun by the nursing-bee, not by the larva. The time required to pass 
from the egg to the imago varies greatly: the Bee consumes less than twenty 
days, while the Cicada requires seventeen years. 
1,9 Compare the amount of food required in proportion to the bulk of the 
body, and also with the amount of work done, in youth, manhood, and old age. 
120 Excepting, perhaps, that the new tail of a Lizard is cartilaginous. 
121 The patella, or knee-pan, has no representative in the fore-limb, and, 
strictly, it belongs to the muscular system, rather than to the skeleton. Some 
anatomists contend that the great toe is homologous with the little finger, in¬ 
stead of the thumb. 
122 “ The structure of the highest plants is more complex than is that of 
the lowest animals; but, for all that, powers are possessed by Jelly-fishes of 
which oaks and cedars are devoid.”— Mivart. 
123 It is, however, true that the number of eggs laid is proportioned to the 
risk in development. 
124 According to Mr. Darwin, the characters which naturalists consider as 
showing true affinity between two or more species are those which have been 
inherited from a common parent; and, in so far, all true classification is gene¬ 
alogical ; i. e., it is not a mere grouping of like with like, but it includes like 
descent, the cause of similarity. In the existing state of science, a perfect 
classification is impossible, for it involves a perfect knowledge of all animal 
structure and life’s history. As it is, it is only a provisional attempt to ex¬ 
press the real order of nature, and it comes as near to it as our laws do in 
explaining phenomena. It simply states what we now know about compar¬ 
ative anatomy and physiology. As science grows, its language will become 
more precise and its classification more natural. 
126 The term type is also used to signify that form which presents all the 
characters of the group most completely. Each genus has its typical species, 
each order its typical genus, etc. The word is also applied to the specimen 
on which a new species *is founded. A persistent type is one which has con¬ 
tinued with very little change through a great range of time. The family of 
Oysters has existed through many geological ages. 
126 The Coelenterata and Echinodermata together make up the Radiata, 
the old subkingdom of Cuvier. Echinoderma is probably more correct than 
Echinodermata , but we retain the old orthography. 
