NOTES. 393 
149 The antennae are more probably altogether undeveloped, and the jaws 
of the Spider correspond to the mandibles of the Lobster. 
150 Compare the single thread of the Silk-worm and other caterpillars. 
151 The common Spider, Epeira, which constructs with almost geometri¬ 
cal precision its net of spirals and radiating threads, will finish one in forty 
minutes, and just as regularly if confined in a perfectly dark place. 
152 These parts do not correspond to the parts so named in human anatomy. 
See also p. 162. 
153 The pupa-case is often ornamented with golden spots in Butterflies; 
hence the common name chrysalis. 
154 In aquatic animals the posterior limbs are the ones aborted or reduced, 
if any; in land animals the fore-limbs are usually sacrificed. 
155 The smallest corpuscles are found in Ruminants; the largest in Am¬ 
phibians with permanent gills. The average size in Birds is double that in 
Man, and about equal to that in the Elephant. Those of Monkeys are a 
trifle smaller than the human. In the embryo they are larger than in the 
adult. Camels only among Mammals have oval disks. 
156 The facial angle becomes of less and less importance as we go away 
from man, and for two reasons. Where the brains do not fill the brain-case 
the angle is obviously of little value, and if the jaws are largely developed the 
angle is reduced, although intelligence may not be altered. 
157 Oblong human skulls, whose diameter from the frontal to the occipital 
greatly exceeds the transverse diameter, are called dolichocephalic ; and such 
are usually prognathous , i. e., have projecting jaws, as the negro’s. Round 
skulls, whose extreme length does not exceed the extreme breadth by a 
greater proportion than 100 to 80, are brachycephalic ; and such are gener¬ 
ally orthognathous , or straight-jawed. 
157a It is probable that Balanoglossus and Cephalodiscus , which have for¬ 
merly been classed with Vermes, must henceforth be placed among the low¬ 
est Vertebrates, as certain structural features relating to their nervous sys¬ 
tem, notochord, and gill-slits, seem to warrant such classification. Some 
authorities place them in the division Hemichordata , immediately before the 
Urochordata. 
158 The classes are variously grouped into the Hcematoci'ya, or Cold¬ 
blooded, and the Hcematotherma , or Warm-blooded; into the Branchiata 
and Abranchiata ; into the Allantoidea and Anallantoidea. 
159 It would be safe to say that any living Vertebrate with side fins sup¬ 
ported by fin-rays is a Fish; but the extinct Reptile Ichthyosaurus also had 
them. 
160 “ The capacity for growing as long as life lasts, which some Fishes are 
said to possess, may be explained by the facts that their bodies are, firstly, of 
very nearly the same specific gravity as the water in which they live, and, 
secondly, of a temperature which is but a very little higher than that which 
they are there exposed to. Thus the force which in other animals is ex¬ 
pended in the way of opposition to that of gravity and in the way of pro¬ 
ducing heat is available for sustaining continuous growth.”— Rolleston. 
161 Amphibians with a moist skin are also remarkable for their cutaneous 
respiration. They will live many days after the lungs are removed. Their 
