400 
APPENDIX. 
CHAPTER IV. 
It is especially important tliat the student become as familiar 
as possible with protoplasm by a personal study of its structure 
and physiology. For this purpose the most favorable objects 
are the Protozoa, which are readily obtained and easily prepared 
for examination. Directions are given on page 410. Compare 
with these the protoplasm seen in the cells of the water-plants, 
as Nitella, Chara (end-cells of leaves, and in the colorless rhi- 
zoids), and Anacharis; in the stamen hairs of Tradescantia; in 
Spirogyra; in the cells of the bulb scales of the Onion, etc. 
CHAPTER V. 
In studying protoplasm, many kinds of cell will probably be 
seen. Those mentioned are especially large, and in them the 
protoplasm is likely to be in quite active motion. To illustrate 
cell structure use not only the lowest organisms, but also isolated 
cells from higher animals and plants—for example, blood cells 
from the frog and from the human body. Frog’s blood may be 
obtained by killing the animal in a box in which has been 
placed a small wad of cotton saturated with chloroform; as 
soon as the frog is dead cut into its skin to make the blood 
flow, then on a glass slide mix a drop of the blood with a drop 
of a .75 per cent, solution of salt in water, put on a cover-glass 
and examine under a one-fourth to one-sixth inch objective 
(Figs. 63, 64). Human blood may be obtained by pricking the 
finger and mounting the drop in the same manner (Fig. 62). 
Study also the cells seen in a drop of saliva. Some of these, 
the salivary corpuscles, are small and usually spherical in shape; 
others, the epithelium cells, come mainly from the lining mem¬ 
brane of the mouth, are polygonal in outline, have a large nu¬ 
cleus, and are frequently found in groups consisting of several 
cells. Ciliated cells are easily obtained by placing in a drop of 
water on a slide a small portion of the gill of a live oyster or 
clam, and picking it to pieces with dissecting needles (ordinary 
cambric needles fixed by the eye-end into wooden pen-holders). 
Examine under a one-fourth or one-fifth inch objective. Some 
