APPENDIX. 
417 
position and structure of tlie mouth, eyes, and nostrils; the 
number, position, and structure of the gills; their covering, the 
operculum. Open the mouth, and examine the tongue and 
teeth. With a sharp scalpel remove the skin from one side, and 
study the arrangement of the plates of muscle lying underneath 
the skin, noting their segmental arrangement. Lay open the 
body-cavity by a cut extending forward from just in front of 
the anus. Remove one-half of the body-wall, thus exposing the 
internal organs. Study their position and arrangement (Fig. 
48). Cut open the digestive organs, and study their structure. 
Examine the heart, and note its structure and its relation to the 
main blood-vessels (Figs. 71, 75). With strong scissors cut 
away the top of the skull and expose the brain (Fig. 139). The 
skeleton may be roughly exposed by picking away the flesh 
(Fig. 112). 
A pigeon or a fowl may be used to illustrate the anatomy of 
the bird. Examine the general shape of the body and its di¬ 
vision into head, neck, trunk, and limbs. Note the feathers, 
studying particularly their variation in shape, size, color, and 
structure (Fig. 105), also the covering of the beak and feet. 
Pluck off all the feathers and note the areas over which they 
were distributed, and the difference in the shape of the body be¬ 
fore and after the removal of the feathers. Study again the 
head, neck, trunk, and limbs. On the head note the shape of 
the mouth, and the position and shape of the nostrils, eyes, and 
ears. Make an incision through the skin, extending from the 
vent to the throat, and turn back the flaps thus formed. This 
will expose the gullet, trachea, jugular veins, and the muscles of 
the breast and abdomen. The crop 'may be inflated by means 
of a blow-pipe thrust down the gullet. Dissect away the outer 
breast muscle, and note a smaller breast muscle beneath it. 
Open the abdomen, and examine the arrangement and structure 
of the digestive organs (Fig. 50). Slit open the gullet, crop, 
gizzard, and intestine, wash out their contents, lay them in a dish 
of water, and study their structure. Inflate the lungs through 
the trachea, and note their elasticity. The blood-vessels (Fig. 
76) and nerves are so large that they may easily be traced. 
The shape and attachments of the principal muscles of the 
wings and legs should also be studied. The bones are so firmly 
connected that a serviceable skeleton may be roughly prepared 
by dissecting away the muscles.and other soft parts, leaving only 
the ligaments (Fig. 116). 
27 
