KINDS OP STEMS AND BRANCHES. 
37 
§ 2. Of Stems. 
90. Forms or Kinds Of Stems, Differences in the size and consistence of stems, 
such as distinguish plants into herbs, shrubs, and trees, have already-been noticed, 
in paragraphs 64, 65, and 66. A stem is 
Herbaceous, when it belongs to an herb, that is, has very little wood in its com¬ 
position, and does not live over winter above ground: 
Shrubby, when it belongs to a shrub, or is woody: 
Arboreous or Arborescent, when the plant is a tree, or like a tree ; that is, when 
it is tall and grows by a single trunk. 
91. The peculiar straw-stem of a grass or grain is named a Culm. It is gen¬ 
erally hollow, except at the joints, which are hard and solid; but in Indian Corn, 
Sugar-Cane, and some other Grasses, it is not at all hollow. 
92. As to the mode of growth or the direction it takes in growing, the stem is 
Erect or Upright, when it grows directly upwards, or nearly so: 
Ascending, when it rises upwards at first in a slanting direction: 
Declined or Reclined, when turned or bent over to one side: 
Decumbent, when the lower part reclines on the ground, as if too weak to stand, 
but the end turns upwards more or less: 
Procumbent or Trailing, when the whole stem trails along the ground: 
Prostrate, when it naturally lies flat on the ground: 
Creeping or Running, when a trailing or prostrate stem strikes root along its 
lower side, where it rests on the ground: 
Climbing, where it rises by laying hold of other objects for support; either by 
tendrils, as in the Pea, Gourd, and Grape-Vine; or by twisting its leafstalks around 
the supporting body, as in the Virgin’s Bower; or by rootlets acting as holdfasts, as 
in the Ivy and Trumpet-Creeper (86) : 
Twining, when stems rise by coiling themselves spirally around any support, as 
in the Morning-Glory (Fig. 4), Hop, and Bean. 
93. Several sorts of branches are different enough from the common to have 
particular names. Indeed, some are so different, that they would not be taken for 
branches without considerable study. Such, for instance, as 
94. Thoms or Spines, Most of these are imperfect, leafless, hardened, stunted 
branches, tapering to a point. That they are branches is evident in the Hawthorn 
and similar trees, from their arising from the axil of leaves, as branches do. And 
on Pear-trees and Plum-trees many shoots may be found which begin as a leafy 
