CHAPTER II. 
HOW PLANTS ARE PROPAGATED OR MULTIPLIED IN NUMBERS. 
Section I. — How Propagated from Buds. 
154. Plants not only grow so as to increase in size or extent, but also multiply, 
or increase their numbers. This they do at such a rate that almost any species, 
if favorably situated, and not interfered with by other plants or by animals, would 
soon cover the whole face of a country adapted to its life. 
155. Plants multiply in two distinct ways, namely, by Buds and by Seeds. All 
plants propagate by seeds, or by what answer to seeds. Besides this, a great 
number of plants, mostly perennials, propagate naturally from buds. 
156. And almost any kind of plant may be made to propagate from buds, by 
taking sufficient pains. The gardener multiplies plants artificially in this way, 
157. By Layers and Slips or Cuttings. In laying or layering , the gardener bends 
a branch down to the ground, — sometimes cutting a notch at the bend, or remov¬ 
ing a ring of bark, to make it strike root the quicker, — and covers it with earth; 
then, after it has rooted, he cuts off the connection with the parent stem. Thus he 
makes artificial stolons (99). Plants which strike root still more readily, such as 
Willows, he propagates by cuttings or slips, that is, by pieces of stem, containing 
one or more buds, thrust into the ground or into flower-pots. If kept moist and 
warm enough, they will generally strike root from the cut end in the ground, and 
develop a bud above, so forming a new plant out of a piece of an old one. Many 
woody plants, which will not so readily grow from slips, can often be multiplied 
158. By Grafting or Budding. In grafting , the cutting is inserted into a stem or 
branch of another plant of the same species, or of some species like it, as of the 
Pear into the Quince or Apple; where it grows and forms a branch of the stock 
(as the stem used to graft on is called). The piece inserted is called a scion. In 
grafting shrubs and trees it is needful to make the inner bark and the edge of the 
wood of the scion correspond with these parts in the stock, when they will grow 
together, and become as completely united as a natural branch is with its parent 
stem. In budding or inoculating , a young bud, stripped from one fresh plant, is 
inserted under the bark of another, usually in summer; there it adheres and gen- 
